Managing a police service Area Essay

Commanders managing a police service area faced with a number of challenges. Some of these include corruption, racial profiling, and poor cooperation and relationship between the police force and the local community. All this problems have been attributed among other reasons to insufficient training of law enforcement, discriminative administration, and lack of employee engagement. Therefore, managing a police service area challenges can be mitigated by ensuring a highly motivated and trained police force as well as engaging the community to enhance their appreciation of the police. Corruption has been cited as a major problem compromising the effectiveness of the police force. According to available statistical evidence, the problem of drug dealings is increasing becoming an issue of national concern in the American nation. This is despite the fact that the law enforcement has the potential to identify, mitigate or prosecute the offenders. However, the problem of corruption has been closely attributed to poor motivation to police officers as well as lack of an effective channel for getting public feedback on the conduct of police officers. Another problem facing commanders managing a police service area is poor communication and cooperation of police officers and the community. The community is evidently identified as a crucial tool for aiding in the identification and mitigation in the community. Therefore, poor relationships between local law enforcement and the community serve only to escalate crime in the community, a negation to the sole duty of the police service area commander. Indeed, such poor relationships are a major threaten to the life of officers as they are perceived by the community as enemies rather than just and fair law enforcer. The third challenge affecting commanders managing a police service area is racial profiling. Racial discrimination in the law enforcement agencies has been a major critic from the general public. The sole duty of all police officers is to ensure sustainable peace and security in the community. This means that police officers should function to investigate on suspected crime offenders based on substantial evidence rather than based on their race, nationality, and ethnicity. It is this practices which remains a major challenge for commanders to oversee the fair and just enforcement of the rule of the law. As a police manager, there are a number of actions I would take to mitigate these problems. First, I would ensure implementation policies as a way of mitigating the problem of police corruption. Such practices would include increment of payment and service allowances for the police. Other could be engaging officers in retirement benefit schemes as well as providing job security. This is because I believe that most officers engage in corruption as a way of accumulating extra earnings for their present and future needs. On the problem of poor relationship between police and community as well as racial profiling, I would ensure the introduction of a comprehensive police training scheme. Skilled and reliable police officers should high sufficient skills on public relations. Such training will also equip the officers with the necessary skills of dealing with a diverse population, a factor that could compromise racial profiling. The biggest problem causing poor relationship between the police and the community is poor communication. To eliminate this problem, I would encourage interactive sections between the police and the community members as a way of breaking the current relational gap.

Blind People

Blind cane Our s-cane will have several unique features that will outstand and give our product a chance to compete with the other existence cane out there in the market. 2. 3. 1 Unique features * Build in Global Positioning System (GPS) that will help in navigating the blind person to the place that he or she wishes to go to. * Earphone provided to aid the blind person in hearing commands given to them by the s-cane. * Build in ultrasonic sensor that will help in identifying obstacles ahead to prevent the blind person from hitting or misjudge the path that they are walking into. Retractable front end tip of the cane that will help the blind person in keeping their s-cane safe in their bag or even their pocket. * The s-cane also has a build in radio that can provide some entertainment to the blind person. At the moment there are no smart cane on the market yet, but there are several researches and also some prototype that has been developed by other countries on this smart cane. 2. 6 Opportunities for the expansion of the product.There will be some possibilities that this s-cane will be expanding on the market and will probably receive a high in demand on the market especially when we were able to market this product at a reasonable and affordable price. We are hoping that our product can be used widely by the blind person all over the world and will have a positive impact on the daily life of a blind person. Although it is a new product but, the function and also the unique features embedded in the s-cane will contributes a lot in aiding the blind person’s daily routine in either going to work, walking down the street or even walking their children to school.To increase the chances of having a higher opportunities in expanding this product, we were also thinking of collaborating with other big company out there such as Samsung, LG, Philips ad much more. This will help a lot to our product in expanding its new invention to the people out there that have never heard of it before. People as we know will go for a known brand as compared to those new developed brand out there. So, by collaborating our s-cane product with the company out there we will be able to market the s-cane more widely and much more easily.

Building Trust through E-Commerce

Suppose I am selling merchandises online – for instance, gift items for everyone – I know exactly how to convince my prospective buyers to trust my web site. Through the concept of â€Å"Free Information for All,† I would educate my web visitors, in the simplest way possible (without giving essential information to competitors), about the process of storing their credit card information and securing it from hackers and viruses.The rationale behind â€Å"Free Information for All,† is aiming at the minds of the potential customers, to make them think, feel and believe that they know all they need to know about where their credit card information is going. Images, such as secured vaults and huge powerful computers, will be used to instill in the minds of the viewers that my web site could not be any safer. In fact it is 100% safe and error-free. As for the action steps that I would take, I will begin by advertising banners and links that features a reverse ps ychology-inspired message, â€Å"Do not trust every online shop you see.Click to find the tricks of scammers. † Then, when they’re in my web site already, they will read another message, â€Å"Trust only those who can tell you everything you need to know about your shop and your account. Experience worry-free online shopping. † The second step is for me to make good on my word. Eventually, I will post â€Å"Testimonials† from the marketing department and from real people with pages in My Space. This will create a crisp, friendly feel in the website, and it will convince more people that my business and services are no hoax.The final step is just to ensure that my customers will enjoy a 24/7 customer support online and via toll-free number. Customers love to be pampered. I will pamper my customers, make them trust me, and make them go back to my store, with their friends in tow. Survey source: Safety in Numbers. June 25, 2002. The Resource for Security Exe cutives. November 10, 2006. .

The Impact of Globalization in Singapore, With Reference To American Essay

The Impact of Globalization in Singapore, With Reference To American Brands and Goods - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the globalization phenomenon is one of the most widespread phenomena in the world.   In recent years however, with the expansion of globalized activities, Asia has acquired various qualities which are distinctly western. In the West, Asian influence has also become slowly apparent. Singapore is a richly diverse country. It is an industrialised and highly developed country which lies in the middle of a diverse Asian and Western mix of cultures and economic activities. In so many ways, Singapore has acquired various qualities which seem to be distinctly western; moreover, American brands have also become more popular in the country. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear and comprehensive evaluation of the impact of globalization on the Asian culture, especially the culture of Singapore. Body First and foremost, American culture and goods have become popular in the world because the United States of America is on e of the most powerful nations in the world, economically, politically, and culturally. Its economy is one of the most extensive and progressive economies in the world. It is involved in almost every enterprise in the world, and most of its multinational corporations have set up conglomerates and subsidiaries in different parts of the world. Politically, its membership in the UN Security Council as well as in other international organizations has ensured that its opinion and position on various political concerns would have to be heard. Its culture has also gained a strong following among the youth population in different parts of the world. The internet has also spread the American culture, economy, and politics in different regions, including Asia. American culture and goods have become popular in the world because it is a culture which appeals to the young and vibrant population. The current generation has been bred in the internet age, where the definitions and foundations of be ing up-to-date or of being part of the majority crowd are based on one’s patronage of Lady Gaga or of one’s habit of eating at MacDonald’s. American culture and goods have become popular because these also carry the identity of a powerful country, and many countries and citizens from other parts of the world seek to identify themselves with such a country. The fact that many American shows, movies, and songs have become widely available to most countries has also assisted in the spread of American culture. Emulation has become one of the primary motivators for the growth of American culture, and since the popularity and reach of the culture of other countries is not as pervasive as the reach of the American culture, by overwhelming default, the American culture has become dominant. The culture in Singapore consists of a rich mixture of Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Western culture.

Short report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Short report - Assignment Example Reduction in employee turnover will ultimately result in decrease in operations cost of the business further facilitating it to gain utmost efficacy in this particular domain. Notably, there are many methods through which staffs are recruited and selected in the business. Through recruitment one individual anticipates the potential of the other to be able to deliver the services efficiently. However, minor mistake in this process might surely impact negatively to the long-term association of the employee with the business. When employees are recruited and selected through internal process, they need to be made acquainted with the job process of the company through induction and proper training and development. However, a lack of efficacy in such domain will result in a lack of dedication, productivity and motivation amid the employees which would not only lead to employee dissatisfaction but would also increase the level of turnover (Preston, 2012; Bono & et, al., 2008). Subsequently , recruitment through external process might not bring about the scenario that emerges from internal recruitment, however due to a lack of bonding with the prevailing working process employee turnover at a high rate might arise. Hence, the impact of recruitment and selection on employee turnover is indeed quite apparent. It has been noted from the case that the company named â€Å"Ready to Eat† a national chain of takeaway food outlets has been able to reduce its employee turnover by a considerable margin from 130 per cent to 98 percent. This is owing to the aspect that the company has been using an approach where candidates after the final interview are allowed to work for one day in the workplace i.e. termed as a job experience day with the present members before getting the final appointment letter (Torrington & et. al., 2008). With this particular approach, the company has been able to testify the skills and competencies of the candidates in the practical scenario. However,

Moises Silva's A Case for Calvinistic Hermeneutics Research Paper

Moises Silva's A Case for Calvinistic Hermeneutics - Research Paper Example According to Moises, the Calvinistic hermeneutics is an expression of the interpretation from the Calvinists. The Calvinists have their interpretation in accordance to the intended message from the historical writers, which is acceptable and understood. The Calvinists have their own theories, principles and methods that are entirely used in expressing their interpretation of the scriptures. The Calvinists indulge such methods, principles and studies to ensure they come out with the best interpretation of the Bible.   This is an acceptable standard that is used worldwide in their quest for a universal interpretation that is devoid of distorted information.   This shows that the Calvinists have their own unique way of interpreting the Bible, which is acceptable in their own fraternity. Therefore, the use of other principles and methods in interpreting the Bible would not be acceptable by the Calvinists.   Moises insists that this is the root of a difference in some of the interpr etations in scriptures. Different fraternities have their own form of interpreting the Bible, which may not be acceptable with other fraternities.Moises states that all Christians in the world have their unique way of interpreting the Bible and scriptures. This depends on the factors that are respected by the Christians, and theory of unending faith to believe in the scriptures. This is an indication that Christians might have the same reading but have a different interpretation.... Therefore, the use of other principles and methods in interpreting the Bible would not be acceptable by the Calvinists. Moises insists that this is the root of a difference in some of the interpretations in scriptures. Different fraternities have their own form of interpreting the Bible, which may not be acceptable with other fraternities. Moises states that all Christians in the world have their unique way of interpreting the Bible and scriptures. This depends on the factors that are respected by the Christians, and theory of unending faith to believe in the scriptures. This is an indication that Christians might have the same reading but have a different interpretation, depending on their understanding of the scriptures. Comprehending the scriptures, therefore, depends on the Christian individual and the various values that are inclined to one’s faith in believing the scriptures. Some biblical texts have an insight while others have a deeper meaning. The meanings vary from C hristian to Christian, depending on the focal point and view of the information embedded in the scriptures. Some Christians only understand the outright meaning of a scripture and only take such information to use in their daily life. However, stout Christians will have a deeper and insightful reasoning from a scripture.3 This indicates that the two types of Christians read the same scripture but will denote a different understanding. This gives a difference in the hermeneutic expression, though it is in the same context. Therefore, focus on such would be a vital factor in understanding Moises’ Calvinistic hermeneutics. According to Moises, there are a number of Christians that have their own difference in interpretation the scriptures. Though they may have the

Collective Action for Social Movements Assignment

Collective Action for Social Movements - Assignment Example Although the African-American struggle for civil rights became apparent in the 1950s and 1960s when the most dramatic progress in the battle for equality and justice was made the struggle had been on-going for decades. This struggle would be traced in the actions of people like Ida B. Wells (1862-1931), an African-American journalist, editor of Memphis Free Speech, who became a brave crusader against lynching. In 1895, Ida wrote â€Å"The Red Record† which recorded the number of Africans lynched over a three-year period (Jones, 2011). In her own way, Wells and others who shared her ideas demonstrated resilience in fighting injustice. Other individuals in the early days included Frederick Douglass (1818-1895), an African American a former slave; he had made an eloquent appeal for the African-American struggle (Jones, 2011). In retro respect, before the mostly proclaimed heroes of the African-American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s there had been other preceding active participants. These prepared ground for future efforts and helped demonstrate the depth of injustice against the African-Americans. In the 1950s and 1960s the civil rights movement took a more pro-active approach and benefited from more informed and aggressive activist who were able to mobilize the African-Americans and to some extent some whites. These individuals included Martin Luther King, Jr., W.E.B. Du Bois, Rosa Parks and Malcolm X. Even though they provided leadership they could not singlehandedly stem discriminative practices existent at the time. Fortunately, they realized this and focused on ensuring collective effort (Ling, 1998). The primary means of agitation was not through boycotts or public demonstration at lunch counters but through discursive methods. Activists largely utilized the black press to create discursive realm of political action. African Americans were able to develop political capacity and formed

Explanatory Synthesis Essay (phone dangers) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Explanatory Synthesis (phone dangers) - Essay Example m to connect to their offices, plus the young adults who use these gadgets for entertainment (Sutko and Souza 811), it is impossible to ignore how this gadget can play a big role in an individuals life. The dangers associated with dependence on the gadget is not necessarily a psychological one, but rather, a physical one. While it can be argued that mobile phones provide people with â€Å"the ease and comfort of being able to contact family members immediately, or even being able to use it during emergencies† (Sutko and Souza 813-4), there is still considerable danger in the use of these gadgets. More people nowadays are able to purchase the gadget, while networks try so hard to keep up with the number of subscribers they can accommodate. While this may seem to be merely a business issue, as consumers, people should also understand what dangers lie under the presumption that mobile phones can be used for emergencies when in reality, a network being more and more crowded in time may prove this impossible. While that may still be under considerable argument, accidents caused by mobile phones is something that has been happening for decades. According to statistics, cell phone use causes over 300, 000 vehicle-related injuries and over 2, 500 vehicle-related deaths annually. These figures are out of the estimated 7 million vehicle-related accidents in the country per year (Blettner and Berg 927). That means mobile phone use is responsible for around 4.5% of vehicle-related accidents in the whole united States. For such a small gadget, this is such a big number. And for such a widely-used and relied on necessity, this is such a bothering fact. While some may argue that hands-free phone may resolve the issue, one has to consider that the advent of hands-free phones did not significantly reduce the number of mobile-phone related motor accidents in the past years (Blettner and Berg 931). Furthermore, the hidden dangers of mobile phone use associated with radiation (Zur,

Relationship between Money Supply and Inflation in Saudi Arabia Math Problem

Relationship between Money Supply and Inflation in Saudi Arabia - Math Problem Example Lucas (1995) has always put emphasis that there is a long run connection connecting money supply to prices of goods. Inflation and money supply cannot be separated and where there is inflation, there is monetary phenomenon. The increase in money supply is the root cause of increase in prices of commodities and this is what constitutes the central dogma of inflation.   Inflation has been categorized as either domestic or imported. This is because inflation may come as a result of increased cost of imports (high prices on imported goods) and services from within the country or due to the monetary exchange rates (Jackson & Miles 2006). Inflation is hence the product of the interrelations between money supply and production. Bearing this convention in mind, economist theories are divided into three schools; 1.  The ones that believe the process itself is the determining factor (Keynesian)2.  those who believe that the monetary effects are determinants (monetarists)3.  those who b elieve that production (supply) is the determining factor showing lack of products (goods and services) as dominant factor that causes inflation Internal inflation is as a result of increased supply and credit. Inflation can also be described as undue increase of a country’s currency or expansion of the cash amount particularly issuance of paper money not redeemable in specie. According to monetarists, monetary effect on inflation is as a result of money supply and that the increase rate is faster than that of national income growth.... Inflation is hence the product of the interrelations between money supply and production. Bearing this convention in mind, economist theories are divided into three schools; 1. The ones that believe the process itself is the determining factor (Keynesian) 2. those who believe that the monetary effects are determinants (monetarists) 3. those who believe that production (supply) is the determining factor showing lack of products (goods and services) as dominant factor that causes inflation Internal inflation is as a result of increased supply and credit. Inflation can also be described as undue increase of a country's currency or expansion of the cash amount particularly issuance of paper money not redeemable in specie. According to monetarists, monetary effect on inflation is as a result of money supply and that the increase rate is faster than that of national income growth. The quantity theory of money derives the following expression: M V = P Y Where (M) is money supply, (V) is velocity of money, (P) is the price index, plus (Y) as real income. Monetarists assert the velocity V to be fixed while the national income (Gross Domestic Product) Y is determined by supply factors and is hence independent variable affecting money supply. Accordingly, there is a direct correlation in existence. If a considerable rise in the money supply, the extent at which price height will go up by the same margin. By this perception, a rise in the money supply would lead to a similar boost in cumulative demand in the short-run the rise would cause another rise in the actual degree of output. On the other hand, there would be an increase in earnings which will cause and increase in inflation and thus the

Intellectual Diversity Essay Example for Free

Intellectual Diversity Essay Have you ever really stopped to think about diversity? The typical individual usually thinks of different skin colors or the different backgrounds everyone has. By definition diversity is the condition of being different. The term ‘diversity’ encompasses a broad scope. There are many realms to diversity such as economic, cultural, and gender. However a type of diversity that has been growing in buzzword in recent years, especially among the conservative communities of college campuses, is intellectual diversity. Intellectual diversity, along with ‘academic freedom’ is what activists like David Horowitz characterize as being the equal treatment of an individual, regardless of political affiliations or religious beliefs. The leftist tendencies inherent in academia are of course not a new development, though they have been better-documented as of late by conservative writers. The issue that these writers discuss is how intellectual diversity is threatened in these different environments through partisan politics as well as the liberalized environments themselves. The issue of intellectual diversity is a quandary that the government must deal with carefully. They cannot simply issue strict laws regarding the protection of intellectual diversity on campus because this does not satisfy what everyone wants and more importantly what they need. The government, as well as these conservative activists has to realize that there will always be a liberal opposition in the world. They must recognize that although it is completely just to fight for equal treatment and opportunity for people with different views, it is not ok to shield these people from the opposing liberal perspectives completely because that limits the individual to not be able to explore the different ideas in the world and learn to embrace the opposition. It will ultimately limit them from being able to become a well-rounded and educated person. Conservative students are being crushed in liberal campuses and in classrooms where teachers have different views. Case after case of liberal activism and indoctrination has been publicized by conservative activists. This is because activists like David Horowitz have realized the effects of a liberal atmosphere, and biased teachers. In â€Å"Schools of Reeducation†, Frederick M. Hess touches on the topic of a young college student of Washington State, Ed Swan, a conservative Christian father of four that was flunked with the explanation that he â€Å"revealed opinions that have caused me great concern in the areas of race, gender, sexual orientation and privilege.† In David Horowitz’s â€Å"In Defense of Intellectual Diversity† students from the University of Denver and Duke are described as having to deal with seeing partisan propaganda posted on doors and hallways as well as joking warnings from teachers that say that any Republicans should drop his course because of his strong â€Å"liberal† opinions. Because of these and many other displays of liberal dominance in college campuses, conservatives are starting to take a stand, Mr. Horowitz for example wrote the â€Å"Academic Bill of Rights†. The way conservatives are placed in such hostile environments is not fair, just, or virtuous, it is impartial and nonpartisan. The government must be extremely scrupulous in the ways they deal with intellectual diversity and the laws they implement because it could have negative impacts on the professors and administrators of colleges and universities. In â€Å"The Right to Tell the Truth†, Ann Marie B. Bahr retells her story of a terrible experience she had undergone when teaching courses on world religions at South Dakota State University. Students inspired by David Horowitz’s â€Å"Academic Bill of Rights† literally induced the poor teacher to fear her job. She felt that they forbade her to express an informed professional opinion. Bahr, a women completely qualified to teach the course was unable to, because if she ever said anything that her students didn’t agree with they simply dropped the course. I don’t believe David Horowitz would support such behavior arousing from his bill, but this is why the government must be extremely careful, prudent, and meticulous when dea ling with such a delicate issue as intellectual diversity. Where is the justice in scaring teachers to falsify the truth? Or sacrifice their right to have and informed professional opinion, there is none. Conservative students must not be shielded from the liberal opposition because it debilitates them from learning how to deal with it; it won’t broaden their minds to new ideas and instead will hold them back from becoming the educated, well rounded, less biased individuals that they have the potential to become. The population that Mr. Horowitz’s â€Å"Academic Bill of Rights† is directed towards is the unfortunate conservative students who are put at a disadvantage due to the ‘hostile environments’ where liberal propaganda roams free and biased liberal teachers treat them unfairly. But the thing is that these students many times don’t break down and crumble at the feet of this liberal monster, but instead grow from the experience. The students come out stronger in the end after going through such a hard experience. They are able to become strong minded, and intellectually powerful. No college student should ever be put in an unfair situation where they are scared to think and say what they want due to their surrounding environment, or are not able to attain the same grade as a colleague because of their personal beliefs; but they also shouldn’t be protected like a mommy with her baby because in the real world there will be those strong minded liberals that you will have to face and converse with, and they need to have already experienced liberal feedback in their lives in order to be able to respond back effectively. Again the government must be careful not to just create strict laws that protect intellectual diversity. The level of intensity of these laws must be restricted in order to allow the conservative individual to still grow as a human being. As in many controversial arguments both sides of intellectual diversity bring up valid points. The side for intellectual diversity argues that we all have the right to have different political, religious, and social views, but regardless of what they are still be treated equally. The side against intellectual diversity argues that if the government enacted strict laws to enforce it, this would lead to negative impacts on professors and administrators of college campuses as well as debilitating students from experiencing real world conflicts and learning from them. The truth is that both sides of the argument are correct and there is sufficient evidence to prove both points. We the people must not allow one side to emerge from this conflict victorious, because this will leave the other side out to suffer the storm. Instead we must compromise between the opposing views and find a way to work in concert in order to find a solution that benefits both sides equally. There are many realms of diversity however the one that always seems to be the most controversial, and difficult to solve, is by far intellectual diversity. The fight over whether intellectual diversity should be enforced by the government is not a new one. This is an ongoing conflict that recently has spurred heated debate, now the time has come to solve this problem. It is the single most important responsibility of the government to protect the people, therefore the government not only has the right to create laws on this issue but it is its obligation. However the government must recognize that there are indeed two sides, and it must not show sympathy for either one but instead compromise between the two to find a middle ground that will satisfy both sides. The solution therefore lies in reconciliation. The government must enact a law that protects the intellectual diversity of students however this must be done in a scrupulous manner so it does not have a negative effect on college professors and administrators; perhaps even creating a law that protects this population as well if necessary. The government must also limit the intensity of the law; students must not be completely shielded from opposing views, for that would be a disservice to the students, whose growth as person would be limited from a strict law. As best put by Harvey Mackey, â€Å"Nobody said it would be easy, they just promised it would be worth it.†

Problems Of Waste Disposal In Developing Countries Environmental Sciences Essay

Problems Of Waste Disposal In Developing Countries Environmental Sciences Essay J. Staniskis (2005), said the acceptance that waste is there, it will always be there cannot lead to waste management solution. We need to know the reasons of waste generation, the can we prevent it. This goes to mean, municipal waste is evident and something needs to be done about it if we need to save lives and protect the environment for the present and the future generation. The aim of this chapter therefore is to introduce the what is municipal waste management, it principles and concept that can be applied in order to improve or optimize waste management strategies in developing countries as well as the case study of this report. Also it will introduce the specific problems affecting efficient management of waste in developing countries. Most human activities generate waste and the manner in which these waste are handled, stored, collected and disposed of that poses risks to both the environment and human health. In fact where the concentrations of human activities are intense like in the urban areas, the needs for an appropriate solid waste management is imminent in order to foster healthy living conditions for the population. As a matter of fact, this ideology has been embraced by many governments with many municipalities trying to provide some basic services. In less developing countries, about 2/3 of most of the wastes generated are uncollected (World Resources Institute, et al., 1996, Achankeng, 2004, USAID 2009). Most of these uncollected wastes which are often mixed with animal and human excreta, are usually thrown in an indiscriminate manner in both the streets and drains which contribute to flooding, insect breeding, rodent vectors and the ultimate spread of diseases (Zerboc, 2003). Most municipal solid waste in Africa and other low-income countries when collected are dumped on land in a more or less uncontrolled way. As a result, this uncontrolled manner of dumping may cause serious adverse effects on both the environment in turn, affect human and animal health and as well as severe economic losses ( Zurbrà ¼gg 2002). Environmental degradation which come as a result of inadequate disposal of waste is expressed by, the contamination of surface and ground water via leachate, soil contamination through direct waste contact or leachate, air pollution by burning of wastes, spreading of diseases by different vector like birds, insects and rodent , or uncontrolled release of methane by anaerobi c decomposition of waste. The decomposition of organic materials produces methane which is capable of causing fire and explosion and this can contribute to serious global warming. For example in a Mexican city of Tampico in the Gulf of Mexico coast, there was fire which burned for over six months in an open dump (Medina, 2003). In some municipalities not served with waste collection facilities, the unusual way for waste reduction is applied by dumped managers and that is through a deliberate setting of periodic firs at the dumps so as to reduce the volume of the waste. This therefore creates space for the dumping of more waste and thus extends the life of the dumps areas. Africa itself produces thousands of tons of waste daily and in which case, most of the solid wastes ends up in open and wetlands which leads to ground water and surface contaminations (USAID, 2009). According to this report, solid waste generation rate for some cities in Africa estimated to be about 0.5 to 0.8 kilogram per person a day. As a matter of fact, comparing these figures with the 1-2 kg per person per day generated in developed countries according to USAID, the figure seems small comparatively but a difficult problem to manage in the context of most developing countries. This because, most cities in the developing countries are handicap or lack the resources to match the demand of services in terms of solid waste management and environmental sanitation (Medina 2002; Achankeng, 2004). In fact because of service insufficiency in cities of most developing countries, there has been an increase in the deterioration of most urban environment especially in the aspect of water and land pollution which is a source of risk to both human health and the environment. 2.1 OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT As earlier mentioned previously, municipal solid waste management is becoming a serious problem in cities of many developing countries (MSWM). This is because, most cities do not collect the totality of the waste generated and of course of the entire waste possibly collected; only a few fractions is disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. However the whole objective of solid waste management is an ideal concept, that is, solid waste management is aimed to reduce the quantity of solid waste that are disposed off on land by recovery of materials and energy from solid waste (Medina 2002; Zurbrugg 2003; Achankeng 2004). This objective is very well acceptable and applicable all over the world and this is commonly backed by with principles (as will be seen below). Some of the principles of municipal solid waste management involve the application of the principle of sustainable development and principle of Integrated Solid Waste Management ISWM). Integrated solid waste management here refers to the application of suitable techniques, technologies and management programs that deals with waste of all types as well as waste from all sources so as to attain the ultimate goals of sustainable waste reduction and effective waste management which will help in better management of waste produced thereafter. 2.1.1 Sustainable waste reduction Of recent, it has been realized that, in order to attain a successful sustainable waste management, industries and society have to produce more goods and services with a lesser use of the worlds resources (using less materials and energy) and less pollution and waste. In most countries today, despite increase in production of goods, product changes have been introduce and put into use, i.e. applying the techniques of internal recycling of materials and on-site energy recovering which act as a way of solid waste minimization schemes. 2.1.2 Effective Solid Waste Management In an effective management perspective, the systems of solid waste management are needed to ensure an absolute human health safety. In fact, the whole system of effective solid waste management must ensure absolute protection of waste management workers and safety of the entire public health through diseases prevention as well as it must be sustainable in both environmentally and economically manners. By this notion, it means effective solid waste management must have the capacity to reduce in a sustainable way the environmental impacts of waste management and the cost of operation must be acceptable by the entire community. Entirely, an effective waste management system should encompass some options like: waste collection and transportation, resource recovering through separation, resource recovering through waste processing etc. 2.2 CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The issue of waste management has in recent years attracted global concern especially in relation to the environment (Staniskis, 2005). This has led to the creation of many organizations both from local, national to international with the aim to seek for means to develop a more resounding ways of handling, storing and disposing of solid waste in a sustainable and friendly manner (W. Kates et al. 2005). According to W.Kates et al. (2005) it is of recent that the of the need of sound waste management was integrated in the concept of sustainable development created by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) initiated by United Nations General Assembly in 1982, and named the Brundtland Commission in 1987. Following the aim of this commission, it realized that despite the effects of human activities on the environment, humanity still has the possibility to make their developments sustainable in a way that, it should meets the needs of the present without compromising th e ability of future generation to meet their own needs (WCED 1997). This actually, opens as a new way of rethinking as this doctrine was embraced by almost all countries in the world. Following the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the doctrine was endorsed and expanded as Agenda 21 which laid out the plan to tackle and overcome economic and ecological problems. Many countries embracing this doctrine have created and adopted supplementary laws to under-score the recommendations of Agenda 21 and Cameroon s not left out. To this effect, many developing countries like Cameroon his was followed by the development of a strategic framework for sustainable development that is, Cameroon created a national environmental management plan which was inculcated into chapter 1 in Article 13 in the law on the environment of 1996, as well as in Chapter 1V Article 45-53 which addresses all issues related to sustainable waste management in the country. According to UNESA (2002), sustainable development has foster and reshape ideologies environment, economy and society. However, today more emphasis on sustainability is focused on the aspect of sustainable development and environment protection, but in which case the broadness of this concept goes deeper than just environmental protection. In developing countries and Africa in particular, water scarcity, resource degradation, falling in the standard of living, species extinction, and tribal conflict which arises because of scrambling for resources are major problems related to environmental degradation. In what sense, if this situation is not handled in a responsible manner in a long while, it might cause serious environmental degradation on environment that can lead to total havoc on human life on earth (UNESA, 2002) 2.3 INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT (IWM): Municipal solid waste has become a serious issue to be worried of within developing countries. This is because most municipalities in the developing countries are handicap in financial and technologically in handling municipal waste management problems. The development of the concept of IWM came to experience as a means to address certain common issues with municipal waste especially in Low-income countries (LIC). Long time ago, the management of solid waste was practiced through collection, land disposal and incineration of household waste. Today, the situation has improved due to increasing awareness of the dangers of environmental degradation caused by human activities (Cole and Sinclair 2002). Apparently, studies have proven that, landfill and incineration solution to solid waste management are not enough to habdle the volumes of solid waste generated both communities and industries (J. Staniskis, 2005). It is imperative to comprehend that, in developed countries; the most suitab le and widely applicable approach for a sustainable environmental waste management is the Integrated Waste Management (Cole and Sinclair 2002). In this context, an integrated approach to waste management consist of hierarchy and coordinated set of action which according to Medina (2002), aim in reducing pollution, maximize recovery of reusable and recyclable materials so as to protect both the environment and human health. IWM systems follow general hierarchy of waste management, Fig, 2.1 Hierarchy of integrated waste management Source: African Development Bank (2002) In this way, it tries to conceive specific issues and needs of community and to develop some appropriate and integrated sets of solution in each context. Several solid waste management studies having bring forth the possibilities of certain approach capable to adapt in many developing countries situation. An overview of some possible solution via the concept of integrated waste management can illuminate the illustration above. 2.3.1 Waste Prevention/Source reduction Large and wide, it has been recognized and proven that waste minimization is by far the most feasible tool for resource efficiency and sustainable development. The fact that we acknowledge that waste is exist and will continue to be there, cannot solve the problem or better still leads to waste prevention. As is often said, it is better to prevent a disease than to cure it. Also, it is after the cause of a disease is known that it can be cured. In this like, according to J. Staniskis (2005), to better prevent waste, it is imperative to first of all know the source of it generation. It is only after identifying the it source of generation that certain prevention measures listed below can be applied. Application of more efficient production technologies to reduce waste Internal recycling of production waste Substitution of hazardous substances Reuse of products or part of products for the same purposes This method requires that, before household disposed off their waste, efficient waste management decision and policies must have been implemented. Through the application of waste prevention, a great deal of waste reduction can be achieved through the introduction of ideas like changing products which help to increase the advantages of pollution reduction and resources efficientcy (J. Staniskis, 2005; Zebroc, 2003) 2.3.2 Reuse Reuse in the context of waste hierarchy refers to recovery of products and use them again. This entail the reduction in the consumption of scarce raw materials thereby saving both water and energy, prevent waste generation as well as reducing pollution. This is quite evidence in most cities in the Less develop countries. For example in Cameroon, both soft drinks like Coka cola, sprite and Pamplemousse as well as mineral water (Tangui and Super Mont) are sole in plastic bottles. After consuming these brands, the consumers keep the plastic bottles for another purpose, e.g. re-sell the bottles to the retailers, also, refill the plastic bottles with drinkable water and later store in the refrigerator. As a matter of fact, this act as a source of income to some household who go around searching and picking these bottles in order to re-sell them to the shops or retailers. 2.3.3. Recycle Recycling of materials is an important aspect of reducing the amount of waste to be disposed off. This system of waste management is being well practiced in developed countries but to a lesser extend in developing countries due to their waste composition, making recycling ineffective in most developing countries. The notion of waste separation at source (household) is a common practice worldwide especially in low-income countries- waste separation is done with a lot of attention by waste pickers and scavengers who recover valuable items from this operation and sell to itinerant buyers e.g. plastic bottles, metals, old shoes, old clothes, papers (Snow, 2003) According to Zerboc (2003), a well organize and waste practice backed by local municipality can enhance safety of on workers health as well improving the income for waste pickers and collectors. Furthermore, waste recycling can be an important economic option for some cities in the developing countries which produces waste similar to cities in developed countries, but in cases where the local municipalities are unable to provide recycling facilities due to financial problems, partnership with other private recycling companies can be another better option (Sudhir et al. 1997) 2.3.4. Composting of waste Taking into consideration the composition of waste in most cities in developing countries, waste composting seems to be a more preferable option to management their waste (African Development Bank, 2002). According to Cointreau (1982), Achankeng (2004) Gordon (2005), most waste in developing countries can be reduced through composting. This is because; most of the wastes generated have higher composition of organic materials. Following their research, about 78-85% of compostable materials were realized in waste generated in some low-income countries like SriLanka. Achankeng (2004) in his research found out that, compostable materials in waste produced in the city of Bamenda in Cameroon stood at about 85%. According to African Development Bank (200), Gordon (2005), the practice of composting can offer the following advantages It helps in the reduction of the amount of waste It has the possibility of reducing landfill gas emission and also because, since it is process is natural, the help reduces environmental degradation Offer the advantage of recovering fertilizer and natural manure that can be used agricultural purposes. 2.3.5 Incineration According to Zurbrugg (2003) and J. Staniskis (2005), incineration is another important option of managing waste. It is a process where waste is being burnt under a controlled and monitored condition. Despite the fact that incineration has the capability of reducing waste to about 90%, this option is still difficult to fit in the context of developing countries due to the cost of constructing a solid waste incineration plant (Medina 2002). Ti construction, maintenance is very costly and cannot be handled by developing countries. Another serious problem of incineration in developing countries is the fact that, most waste consist of high amount of compostable materials and contain high moisture quantity which makes the functioning of incinerators inefficient. 2.3.6. Landfills This method is commonly practice in most developing countries. Sanitary land fill is designed to for final waste disposal. As a matter of fact, it is recognized as a better option of waste management than open dumping commonly practice in cities in developing countries. According to African Development Bank (2002), what makes sanitary landfill some how complex is the way it should be planned, what kind of administration should be associated to it and the amount of experts to be involve Sanitary Landfill has some advantages like reducing the risk of both environmental and human health associated to all kinds of wastes Reduce the absorption of methane underground Production of energy i.e. electricity through the burning of methane captured from landfill gas. The allocation of landfill requires the municipal government identify a convenient location so that it should be far away from human residences. Through the creation of sanitary landfill, it can generate job opportunities for citizens, also reduces pollution and conservation of natural resources. 2.4 PROBLEMS OF SOLID WASTE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 2.4.1 Urban Population growth The first serious problem related to solid waste management in developing countries s that of urban population growth. Most developing countries and Africa in particular, is witnessing fast urban growth because many people a commuting from the suburbs to the cities for better livelihood. This has led to a tremendous increase in the concentration of population in towns and cities (Nath 2003). According to facts from World Bank (2006), the world population has witnessed a tremendous rise since the beginning of 1990 with developing countries recording the fastest growth. The result of this rapid population growth has led to increase in waste generation in urban centers. According to African Development Banks (2002), the rapid population expansion has led to increase in the amount of waste generated in most urban centers in African thus, leading to excess waste over limited infrastructures. Also, rapid urban growth has led to the creation of informal pattern of settlements in cities of developing countries. This has resulted in the creation of slums, with housing and living conditions which are horrible. The pressure of ever-growing population on urban infrastructure in many cities overburdens the provision of urban services. Urban municipal governments are under intense pressure to meet the demand for basic services such as water, sanitation and solid waste management (Medina 2002). Most of the slums grow in an unplanned manner, and the local municipalities are ill prepared to provide basic facilities (like garbage collection) to the ever growing population. This causes garbage to be dumped in open spaces, leading to disastrous effect on the social, economic and environmental health of the area (Kuniyal et al. 1998, Medina 2002, Zerboc 2003); consequently this has resulted in financial and institutional constraints to manage the resulting solid wastes (Chakrabarti and Sarkhel 2003). Even those enjoying decent housing dump garbage in the open space, due to 2.4.2 Lack of finances and infrastructures In a developing country framework, though solid waste management accounts for 20 to 50 per cent of the municipal budget (Schà ¼beler 1996, Bartone 2000), the service is provided to only about 50 per cent of the urban population; actual collection only accounts for around 60 to 70 per cent of the refuse (Gerlagh et al 1999, Khawas 2003). For instance, Latin American countries were generating approximately 275,000 tones of solid waste per day in urban areas, necessitating a fleet of 30,000 trucks and 350,000 m3 of land a day to properly collect and dispose the waste (Chakrabarti and Sarkhel 2003). The insufficiency of services results in the deterioration of the urban environment in the form of water, air, and land pollution; which not only poses risks to human health but to the environment as well (Medina 2002). Another impact of the increasing population is the creation of a vicious cycle of pollution. Rise in population is not met by equal increase in infrastructural facilities, wh ich leads to increase in the filth and garbage. As filth gets accumulated, less and less number of inhabitants are willing to pay for the retrieval services leading to loss of revenue to the municipality and further deterioration of the quality of services rendered (Zerboc 2003). The impact of deteriorating services are directly felt, as there is visible increase in waste being dumped right besides the human habitats, which causes tremendous risk to both environment and human health. The present situation is expected to deteriorate even more due to rapid unchecked urbanization and growth in human population (Zurbrugg 2003). 2.4.3. Environmental problems The impacts of solid waste on environment is immense, from release of harmful green house gases (GHGs) to contamination of ground water, improper solid waste can wreck havoc on the environmental health. The most serious environmental problem in terms of solid wastes is the emission of GHGs. According to Thorneloe et al (2002), the waste management sector represents 4% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions and landfills contribute the largest anthropogenic source of methane, contributing 90% to the total GHGs release from the waste sector in the United States. Methane is a primary constituent of landfill gas (LFG) and a potent greenhouse gas when released to the atmosphere. LFG is created as a natural byproduct of decomposing organic matter, such as food and paper disposed of in these landfills and it consists of about 35-50 % methane (CH4) and 35-50 % carbon dioxide (CO2), and a 26 trace amount of non-methane organic compounds. Each day millions of tons of municipal solid waste are di sposed of in sanitary landfills and dump sites around the world. According to Methane to Markets Partnership, website (2004); globally, landfills are the third largest anthropogenic (human influenced) emission source, accounting for about 13 percent of global methane emissions or over 223 million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE). The status of solid waste management system thus considerably influences the problems associated with climate change and global warming. 2.4.4 Health problems Serious public health problems arise due to uncollected solid waste and waste often leading to many infectious diseases including water borne diseases such as cholera and dysentery. Such incidence of diseases puts additional burden on the scanty health services available in resource poor developing countries. Insect and rodent vectors are attracted to the waste and one may recall that as many as 200,000 people had to flee after the outbreak of pneumonic plague in Surat in Western India (1994). The outbreak is attributed to the uncontrolled fermentation of wastes which created favorable conditions for the breeding and growth of rodents and insects that acted as vectors of diseases (Venkateshwaran 1994). A similar study by WHO (1995) observed in 1994 that 616960 cases of cholera resulting in 4389 deaths were reported in Angola, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania (UNCEA 1996) which can be linked to the fact that in Northern Africa as much as 20 to 80 per cent of urban solid wastes are dump ed in open spaces (Chakrabarti and Sarkhel 2003). Contamination of ground water by disease causing organisms from water seeping through dumps is likely to include the viruses of hepatitis, poliomyelitis and gastroenteritis (Medina 2002); thus such water contamination may have long run health effects apart from dysentery and cholera. The U.S. Public Health Service identified 22 human diseases that are linked to improper solid waste management (Hanks, 1967 in Hoornweg et al., 1993). The most immediate health threat due to solid waste in developing countries is to the waste workers, rag pickers and scavengers. Waste workers and rag pickers in developing countries are seldom protected from direct contact and injury. The co-disposal of hazardous and medical wastes with municipal wastes poses serious health threat. Exhaust fumes from waste collection vehicles, dust stemming from disposal practices, and open burning of waste also contribute to overall health problems (Hoornweg et al 1993). The magnitude of the health problems due to solid waste in case of developing countries are particularly alarming where the proper collection and disposal of solid waste is impeded by paucity of funds and technological capacity. The areas, which are not serviced, are left with clogged sewers and litters which create serious health problems for the resident population (Khawas 2003). Crowding and unsanitary conditions are important amplifiers of the transmission of infectious diseases. Many infectious diseases thrive where there is a lack of water, and inadequate drainage, sanitation and solid waste removal (Mcmichael 2002). Conclusively, it can be realized that, the issue of waste management in developing countries and Africa in particular posses a lot of challenges which are burning issues to deal with. However, there are some advantages like creating jobs for jobless nationals which is an important advantage for developing countries as a result of good waste management. In more precise way, the whole literature scenario depicts that, much needs to be done by policy makers and municipalities in order to effectively management their waste. Policies enacted should be implemented with the involvement of both private stakeholders and the entire community. Waste management planning should be done in such a manner that, all stakeholders should have a say on the issue of waste as well as training programs can be made an important part of waste management planning. This is because; it will enable the entire community to be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of waste management in the milieu.

The Bogart Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever wondered how great it would be to inherit a castle in Scotland? What if it was haunted by a sprit called a Boggart? The book I read called The Boggart by Susan Cooper is a story based on something like that happening. The main story takes place in Toronto, Canada. The Volink family inherited a castle in Scotland from Mr. McDevon the mother’s uncle. The two children in the story are Emily and Jessup. Emily is the oldest. She is smart brave and very sensitive towards the Boggart, once she understood him. Jessup is very smart, loves computers, and was a member of a computer gang called the Gang 5. The parents of Emily and Jessup were Robert and Maggie Volink. Robert works in the theater and Maggie owns and runs an antique store. The Volink family were excited and amazed that they inherited a castle. But what the Volink’s did not know was that a spirit called a Boggart lived there. The Boggart is a sprit that is neither good or bad. He mainly plays practical jokes on people. It is like a little child that can be friendly towards mortals. Boggarts cannot be seen or heard.. The Volink family sold the castle right away because it would be to expensive to keep. Emily and Jessup kept two pieces of furniture to bring home. What they didn’t realize was that a Boggart was sleeping in the desk they took home. When the Boggart got up he realized he was no longer home in Scotland in his castle. As the Boggart got comfortable he began his practical jokes in Toronto. He wou...

Essay --

Joey Kuhlmann Mrs. Aeschilman Creative Writing 12 December 2013 A Faithful Draft The arrival of winter was well on its way. The colorful leaves had turned to brown and fallen from the branches of the trees. The sky seamed bigger with the disappearance of the leaves. As Robert drove down the long country road he was much more aware of all his surroundings. He grew up in this small town and always thought he would never leave. He knew every inch of the area. This place is where he grew up and had some of the best times of his life. The new chapter of his life was exciting, but then he also had a sick feeling in the pit of his stomach of something not right. Three weeks ago Robert, twenty four years old, finished his second year of college. He enjoyed college life, fraternity friends, parties, and everything that goes along with college. Because of some family problems a couple years ago, he did not start college on time like most of his friends, but he was working his way through. Earlier in the year Robert had a little trouble in a couple classes. Then the cursed letter arrived in the mail. Robert was being drafted; he was going to war. Colleges notify the draft board when students fail classes. Which is exactly what happened to Robert. Robert would have to travel to an army base for his basic training, and then he would later find out that he was to be assigned directly to Pakistan to fight in the war. Robert was in shock. Although he felt like he must serve his country, the little boy in him kicked in and he didn’t want to leave. If he had only tried a little harder, or gone to a professor for extra help, he would probably still be only worried about school. But these were the choices he made and the consequences he would ha... ...though it was war, he had still taken lives; and this thought bothered Robert greatly. Today Robert realized he was doing his country a great deal of duty as he drifted off for a short sleep. The next day, Robert awoke to yet another sequence of loud noises. Only this time they were a lot worse and all he could see was fire. The next thing Robert knew he was rolling on the ground with an unbearable pain. The next week Robert’s closes friend and family broke down as he walked off the plane with permanent scars all across his face. Robert immediately hugged his parent’s and pulled out a little book. This book was his pocket Bible that he carried with him always in Pakistan. He went over to Father Miller and handed him the burnt book and broke down and thank Father Miller. Father Miller was in awe and he explained that he had done nothing and God was what saved him.

Essay --

Identifying a Decision Point for Cloud Application Build/Migration The decision point is a necessary component to come between Business and application assessment and vendor selection process. It includes various assessment including Cloud-Decision framework, Service Type and Deployment assessment, and Checklist for service type. To create these tools, our team analyzed three main components of service delivery. These components consist of cloud concepts, deployment options and service type offerings. Cloud Concepts (IaaS and PaaS) Cloud computing comprises of three classes of services: Infrastructure as a Service, platform as a service, and software as a service. While SaaS offers more of ready, tailored solution that suits the business needs, IaaS and PaaS delivers more of a building block type of solutions. On a high level, while IaaS focuses on providing storage and hardware capabilities, PaaS focuses on middleware and the development environment in the cloud. Figure 1 shows more detailed comparison between IaaS and PaaS. > The next step that we took was to assess IaaS, PaaS from ‘build-or-buy’ perspective. According to Gartner Research, three cloud concepts, Cloud Hosted, Cloud Optimized and Cloud Native, are applicable to both IaaS and PaaS. These three cloud concepts determine if the application is more suitable for migration or for Greenfield. Following are the characteristics of each cloud solutions: †¢ Cloud-hosted solutions require the lowest effort to implement. It transplant, or migrate, the existing enterprise applications on IaaS to gain the benefits of simple shared-hardware multitenancy (Gartner Research). This is feasible for the server that runs rarely used application as redeployi... ...fore migration (Gartner). For the applications which require heavy refactoring, IaaS is much better option than PaaS. The Cloud-optimized solution on PaaS will allow CMI to make continuous refactoring and optimization on its PaaS environment. However, the application may not be an ideal candidate for this option if the answer to any of the following questions below is â€Å"yes† (Gartner): ï  ¬ Does the application make direct use of OS or hypervisor resources? ï  ¬ Does the application depend on components (such as middleware, services and programming libraries) for which no compatible implementation exists as a cloud services? ï  ¬ Is the application primarily focused on batch operations without a Web user interface, or is it a native client application? ï  ¬ Does the application make heavy use of custom communication protocols? List of the Assessments Cloud-Decision Framework:

Japan’s Development & History

Those legends that give the history of Japan indicates that, Japan was founded in 600 BC by the emperor called Jimmu. Jimmu is said to be a direct descendant of sun goddess, and also the present ruling ancestor of the imperial family.Japan adopted the Chinese writing system, together with the Buddhism religion. This actually brought in an influence to the Japanese culture. The Japanese indigenous culture is based on the emperor concept, and has Buddhism as the focal point. The culture in the Japan entered in successive waves in the continent.Different concepts in Japan that has resulted back into past, entails all the human activities manifestation from the moment the man first populated the archipelago of Japan.Research has shown that during the Pleistocene period Japan was inhabited. Those who inhibited Japan during those times left behind cultural remains such as chipped stones. The chipped implements of this time are categorized into four groups. The first category consists of th e shale core implements.The shale core implement in some case are defined as hand axes. The second category is the obsidian and flake shale implements. These somehow consist of the upper European Paleolithic industrial flakes. The third categopry comprises of the spearhead. This in most cases is identified with the Solutrean of the Europe. The last group is made by the blade implements. These implements have got their microlithic proportion specimens increasing progressively.The culture of Japan took shape in the period of Yayoi. The present anthropologists argue out that, Japanese are direct descendants of the Jomon people. The Jomon culture in Japan is subdivided into five periods. These periods include the: earliest, early, middle, late and latest phase. The phase of the earliest Jomon was dominated by base pointed connoid potteries.The second phase of Jomon was characterized by the cylindrical potteries of a fibrous temper. The third phase, that is, the middle phase was characte rized by the emergence of the cultural subareas: central, northeastern, and southeastern.The middle phase of culture in Japan came up with multitudes of problems. In the late phase, three distinct subareas are blanketed by pottery that was cord marked that is black or grey, thin walled and well fired. Â  At present most of the cultural practices in Japan are similar to those of china (Shenfield, 1998, pp 55).The relationship that exists between languages is expressed by correspondence in: vocabulary, grammatical structure, as corroborated by the law of phonetic. In Japan, with respect to grammar, it is quite different to Austroasian, Chinese, and Austronesian.However, Japan has some structural similarity in its language with the Altaic group. Japanese and Korean share many grammar points as well as an ancient vowel harmony use. They also share at least two hundred cognates of vocabulary.The linguistics data of Japanese can be traced back to the 3rd century A.D. but came to be more after the 9th century. When compared with the neighboring language the Japanese language is in a better state. To compare them with the ancient Japanese is hard. The reason for this seems to justify the somatic variation along a running cline from southeastern to north eastern (Shenfield, 1998, pp. 57).In the process of its development, in 1542 Japan started to experience contact with the western countries such as Netherlands, England, Spain, and Portugal. The main aim for these countries coming to Japan was to trade with Japan.Later in 17th century Japan realized that the traders and the missionaries from the west countries were being used as military conquest forerunners by the European powers. This led to shogunates to place very tight restrictions on the foreigners. Finally, this forced those foreigners who stayed in Japan to leave.This barred the relation between the Japan and the outside countries except the china and Dutch merchants. The restriction lasted for 200 years, when Matthew Perry of the United States navy came for negotiation so that Japan could be opened for the west.The renewed contact with the west after several years profoundly changed the Japanese society. There was restoration of the emperor into power as the shogunate resigned. The 1868 Meiji restoration brought in so many reforms in Japan.There was abolishment of feudal system, adoption of several western institutions which included the government constitution together with the parliamentary lines, and the western education and legal systems (Mulgan, 2000, pp. 70).

Cell phones Essay

First, cell phones are impersonal and rather anti-social. If a kid were using their phone to text during class all the time, they would not need to be as good at actually talking to others, which would degenerate social skills, which are very important in life for jobs, creating good family relationships, and making and keeping friends. It is not just about safety or reassurance. Yes, I want my kids to call each morning when they arrive at school and each afternoon when they leave, and there are so few pay phones anymore on which to do that. However, my children’s lives are also enriched by the freedom to travel to a variety of extracurricular activities or social engagements without an adult chaperone. That is only possible because an adult is just a phone call away. If children are not allowed to keep their cell phones during the school day—off and in their backpacks or lockers—the school system is governing my parenting and my children’s behavior during non-school time. The affecting school has no such right. Besides, teachers should be teaching, not spending precious time tagging and bagging confiscated electronics. Secondly, the mobile phones can be a distraction to the students if the school allows them to bring. For instance, during lesson time, it is known that students cannot use it when the teacher is teaching. Some students may just use it underneath their desks or behind their textbook and ultimately this will affect their grades. Lastly, bringing mobile phones to school will only increase the temptations of other students to steal the phones. As some students have the newest, latest phones like the ‘iPhone 4s’ and ‘Samsung Galaxy S2†², some bad students may keep a look out and might steal from them. Not only will the victim be disheartened, the thief will think that he or she will be able to get away from it every time. However, there are some reasons why mobile phones should not be banned in schools. For example, if there is a family emergency like the student’s grandma is in the hospital, or his or her house caught fire, their parents will be able to contact them. In addition, it would certainly be distracting for the teacher trying to talk over student’s who are talking when they are. One of the best ways to get in trouble during class is to talk when the teacher is talking, for it district’s the teacher, the student, and their classmate’s; if cell phone  were allowed in school, they would increase the amount of time students are talking when they don’t need to, making the class more difficult to teach, take longer, and be less educational. Cell phones could also provide a means of cheating on tests. Almost all cell phones have texting, and kids have become good at texting without being caught. It would be easy for kids to text each other the answer’s to test’s during testing session’s if everyone is allowed to use their phone during class. If teachers ask what students are doing, they can just say that they are texting their mom. These days, mobile phones are everywhere on the streets. Mobile phones are not what they used to be for only calling or texting. Now, there are games, music and camera functions available in a mobile phone. Hence, I agree that mobile phones should be banned in schools, as there are disadvantages of students bringing their phones to school. Firstly, bringing their mobile phones to school is troubling matter. As students might misplace their mobile phones in the school canteen or their classrooms and forget them. There may be dishonest students who will take the mobile phone and not report it to the discipline head. This is one of the reasons why mobile phones should be banned. In a society where almost everyone over the impressive age of thirteen carries a cell phone, pager, or both, many school systems have banned these items from school grounds. Why? Many say it is due to the powerful ‘potential problems’, such as texting during classes. Others say it is because they interrupt the learning environment. Whatever the reason the powerful school boards give, should cell phones really be banned from school premise? In a day and age where everyone relies heavily upon modern technology for communication, cell phones are a good thing to have, especially for high school students. Many students have after-school activities, such as a sport or a club that they participate in after school hours, when most people, including the office staff, have already gone home for the day. The students need a way to contact their parents during and after these activities, and vice versa. If cell phones were banned from school grounds, even just during school hours, how would the kids contact their parents afterwards? With only one or two phones in the spectacular office or on a coach, having thirty or more students per activity coming in to use the phone one after the affecting other is just ridiculous. It would take hours, something that would take minutes overall if the kids each had their own cell phone. The board, principals, and teachers alike are concerned that if cell phones are allowed in school, there will be problems with texting in class. The solution to this is to make a rule that says cell phones have to be off and put away during school hours. If a student is caught texting in class, have the teacher take up the phone for the spectacular day, or maybe even until the next day. This seems like a reasonable compromise, because that way the kids are still able to contact whomever they need to after school, but are free from distractions during the day. So that they can call and let their parent’s know to come pick them up after a sport is over. So if they are sick or they are not felling so well so that their parents could come and pick them up if they do not feel so good. Cell phones, while they might seem like nothing but a distraction and a safety hazard for school across the country, are in actuality quite the opposite. Banning cell phones from the school premises will only ever have detrimental effects. As long as there is a sensible rule in place, such as †Students are required to leave cell phones off and out of sight during school hours†, there is no chance of distraction’s or of safety hazards because of them. After all, there is probably more of a chance a kid will trip and fall than the chance of a cell phone being a distraction when it is turned off, is not there. However, cell phones can also be used for less important reason’s, such as excessive amounts of texting. One big issue concerning cell phones and teenagers is the use of cell phones in school. Many teenagers believe that cell phone’s should be allowed in school, during class. However, cell phones should not be allowed during school, because they would provide distractions for students and teachers, allow for cheating on tests, and for other social reasons. If a student’s cell phone rang during class, it would obviously distract him from the class and whatever the teacher is teaching. If this continued, it could prove detrimental to that student’s education. In conclusion, considering all the reasons, I strongly stand with that mobile phones should be banned as it is a distraction to the students and their phones might be stolen. Should there be an emergency, the parents can call up the school and the school can immediately inform the student. Thus, mobile phones should be banned in schools. It would be quite distracting for those student’s, and for their classmate’s. Cell phones also can cause social â€Å"problem’s†, which would only increase if cell phones were allowed in school.

Educating Rita Devil Wears Prada

Host: Good morning listeners, this is Sam Lee with this week’s program of ‘Into the world’ where we discuss ways individuals make challenging transitions into new and different worlds and the risks and possibilities, which coincide with them. Significant experiences in people’s lives provide opportunities for growth and development. Going ‘into the world’ means moving from familiar experiences to new horizons. We are especially blessed today to have Willy Russell famous playwright discussing his play ‘Educating Rita’ and David Frankel the director of ‘The Devil Wears Prada’. W. R: Thank you for having me on the program: it is a pleasure to discuss ‘Educating Rita’. Host: Willy how close is Rita’s story to your own? W. R: Is it that strikingly obvious Sam? I was a male hairdresser and owned my own salon before I began to compose novels, which enabled me to construct a more realistic character for Rita. ‘Educating Rita’ could be seen, as a semi-autobiography as I have already experienced the difficulties of being working class and I am aware of the challenges people with this social background may endure. Similarly to Rita I also dreamed of better things, and returned to further education as a mature student attending evening classes at university, immersing in the delights of English literature. Host: Your mentor for Rita is Frank a flawed professor, why did you create such a complex mentor for Rita? W. R: Frank is perfect for Rita in his ‘imperfections’ as a real studious, pedantic professor would have frightened Rita off. At the start of the play, Frank and Rita can be seen as opposites and any friendship between the two seems unlikely, but they quickly warm to one another as first appearances show. Frank sees Rita as a breath of fresh air in his life and he responds very well to her cheeky and irreverent approach to almost anything. They are both involved in unsatisfactory relationships, and they both want more from life than it seems to offer. Host: Rita’s marriage breaks down due to her newfound ambitions to change herself. You construct Danny as a largely un-sympathetic type, was this deliberate? W. R: No, Danny’s character was never created intentionally to be un-sympathetic, this perception of Danny is a result of his inability to understand Rita’s wish to be educated. He is the archetypical figure that represents the opposition to Rita’s desire for change. Danny has a traditional view of the role of women and expects Rita to settle down and have children. He does not like that she is trying to break away from their lower class lifestyle. When he discovers that Rita has secretly been taking the pill to stop herself becoming pregnant, he blames her behaviour on her desire to ‘better' herself and burns her books, this act is symbolic as throughout history books have been burnt to no avail and knowledge cannot be destroyed by something as weak as fire. Danny’s intentional rejection to embrace the new, spells the end of their relationship. Host: Educating Rita can be linked to the growth, changes, as well as sacrifices made by Andy in The Devil Wears Prada where Andy is on a journey seeking to begin her life as an adult who is faced with moral and ethical choices. David would you agree that transitions into the world have greater risks and potential losses than possibilities? D. F: Well Sam, Andy begins as a strong, grounded character, opposite to Rita who becomes more and more preoccupied with success. However similarly to Rita, Andy realizes the job is lonely and in order to achieve great success there must be great sacrifices. This is linked to Rita, as they both need to make sacrifices in order to excel, beginning with their partners. The tension in the relationship between Andy and her boyfriend is evident through the constant reference to the â€Å"old Andy† who he believes has gone. Nate Andy’s boyfriend is a constant reminder of where she came from, similarly with Danny. Host: It seems that although Rita and Andy have benefited, they lose a great deal including their individuality. Would you agree Willy? W. R: Well, Rita has some of the rough, and possibly more original, edges of her personality knocked off, however the things she loses are no longer of great value to her. Rita desires to â€Å"know everything† in order to have choice and direction in her life, as evident by ‘I wanna discover meself’. Choice, to Rita, is more then ‘eight different types of lager’ as described by Denny and their social class. She now has a lot more freedom with regards with her future and what she wants, as she is educated. She has gained confidence in herself to associate with â€Å"proper† students. Host: Any comments on this David? D. F: Sacrifices need to be made in order to succeed Sam. Andy was initially unwilling to change her appearance even when pressured by colleagues. However she eventually goes through a dramatic costume change, squeezes into a size four dress with a sleek new haircut and expensive stilettos, which make her dis tinguishable from the rest. Host: Finally would you agree Willy that if something is worth achieving it will involve struggle? W. R: Any transitions into new and different worlds will involve a form of struggle, potential risks and if successful in this change, rewarding possibilities. So yes definitely Sam, nothing worth having comes easy.

Why College Students Drop Out

College costs a lot of money. Going into college most students do not understand the expenses that come along with it. Tuition increases year by year but the majority of students either do not of black women said financial problems are the reason for them leaving school (â€Å"Money,† 2012). A job can be obtained by them to maintain but in today’s economy it can be hard for college students to find jobs because people that may have already gone to college or not are now accepting jobs that kids in college are trying to be hired for because so many of their jobs have laid everyone off.According to Yen H. , many older people, immigrants or college graduates that are in debt are taking on teenage jobs as they search for jobs within their careers (Yen 2012). Once these kids have figured out they cannot support themselves and their parents cannot or will not support them for one reason or another, they then find themselves with no other option than to leave school. realize i t or are not concerned because they are aided financially by some kind of assistance. Along with tuition, room and board, books, etc. students need personal items for their rooms. Those with cars need gas and they will also need money for all other activities they wish to participate in. 33% of black men and 26% Another reason many students drop out of school is grades. Coming straight out high school some kids do not know the severity of maintaining good grades and a satisfactory standing GPA. Students begin school enjoying the freedom of being on their own and get caught up having fun instead of focusing on their school work.Some students on the other hand may not receive bad grades because of partying but because they are not good test takers. Opponents of No Child Left Behind say standardized tests, â€Å"promotes a narrow curriculum and drill-like â€Å"teaching to the test† (â€Å"Standardized,† 2011). Unlike high school there is not as much homework or extra cr edit to fall back on if one does not do well on tests. There are many students that can obtain course information but do not excel in standardized testing for reasons such as test anxiety or the limitation of the presentation of information.This is why so many students go to class, study the information and then fail the tests. Yen, H. (2010, June 12). More than seven in 10 U. S. Teens Jobless in Summer. USA Today. Retrieved from http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/money/economy/story/2012-06-12/teen-jobs-disappearing/55555506/1 (2012, September 7). Money is a Major Factor in Why Black Students Drop Out of College. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (Online). Proquest. Retrieved from http://0-search. proquest. com. sheba. ncat. du/docview/1038376120. (2011, July 8). Standardized Testing Pros and Cons: Latest Research Analyzed on New ProCon. org Website. Economics Week. 160. Retrieved from http://0-linksource. ebsco. com. sheba. ncat. edu/FullText. aspx? linkout=http%3a%2f%2fwww. lex isnexis. com%2fus%2flnacademic%2fapi%2fversion1%2fsr%3fshr%3dt%26csi%3d337799%26sr%3d(%2522Standardized%2520Testing%2520Pros%2520and%2520Cons%3a%2520Latest%2520Research%2520Analyzed%2520on%2520New%2520ProCon. org%2520Website%2522)%2bAND%2bDATE%2bIS%2b2011

The Saint Michael Medal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Saint Michael Medal - Essay Example A visual projection of the Catholic's designed of the image of Archangel Michael holding a sword upright pointing toward to the beast on his feet that is being suggestive of its losing from Michael's force is what is being engraved uniformly to the medal. In Catholic tradition that almost every personality in the Scriptures (some are not) or entities are being sanctified by their administration, Archangel Michael was hailed as saint by the Catholic Church. It has been ordained to their conviction that "Saint Michael" will be the patron of the following (Catholic-Online 2008): Such list of believed to be the criteria that encompass the sainthood of Archangel Michael given by the Catholic Church as he has been honored and invoked as patron and protector from the time of the Apostles as this church claimed. In addition to this, he was also being regarded by the Catholic officials as patron of the dying people and those being tempted (Catholic-Online 2008). An example is the design "Sterling Michael 'Shield' Medal" that is made of sterling silver. The Catholic company website is selling this piece which they regarded as a sacred piece for them for $44.00.

Nursing Therory Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing Therory Analysis - Research Paper Example Later on, it was revised so as to be brought into the modern taxonomic fabrication for comfort that often explains comfort to be a nature for accomplishing needs for ease, relief plus transcendence in one’s sociocultural, physical, environmental plus psycho-spiritual settings. In describing deduction, here comfort is described as having associations to some nursing theories so as to help make up a hypothesis. According to the author called Murray in his book published in 1938, he contributed towards providing a sensible structure that helped Kolcaba’s notions sustaining. In addition, Relief became distinguished by an author named Orlando in the year 1961, same to transcendence by Zderad and Paterson in 1976, and ease became distinguished by an author named Henderson in the year 1966. In the year 1975, the idea on behaviors of seeking health was utilized by a person named Schlotfeldt. In regard to retroductive step implementation, Kolcaba ensured that she in culminated the idea of having institutional sincerity incorporated in her comfort theory. In addition, the theory often depicts various personalized patient centered care, plus the given benefits accrued from comfort plus engagement of the habits involved to seek health. Basically, some of the notions found in this given philosophy encompass: Intervening variables, comfort needs, institutional integrity, comfort procedures, comfort including health seeking attitudes or behaviors. According to Kolcaba, comfort is something which needs to originate from a care circumstances which cannot be offered at the same time by a given patient’s maintenance structure. In addition, it is through the set of standards set in nursing that are supposed to assemble the given needs hence captivating patients aspects like maturity, emotional situation, defiance, given support structure, past experience among others which are

Cultural Immersion Experience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Immersion Experience - Assignment Example From the rich ethnic Diversity at Sparks Hall, I observed an interesting aspect. People of extremely different diversities and races worked together harmoniously and seemed to get along well despite their differences. I also observed that people were allowed to exercise their beliefs and tastes in fashion or code of dressing unlike in the previous case where there were conservative norms of dressing and fashion. Importantly, I observed increased tolerance and respect for personal beliefs and values though these personal beliefs were not much integrated in the workplace. There seemed to be set codes of conduct that each employee had to stick to in the workplace. The group had a norm of not interfering with other’s personal lives as no instance was noted where employees crashed over personal issues. However, most of those whom I noted to be from the Asian origin seemed to enjoy a conservative company and dialogue with each other compared to interacting more with others. I did interact with some of them slightly just to understand what goes on in the place. I was involved in short conversations with several employees on general issues regarding their daily work to note how they interacted with persons of different ethnic diversities; I was from a different race compare to other employees at Sparks Hall. Through the short conversations, I was able to note how they interacted with different ethnic people, as they were willing to participate in the conversation and even to answer my questions. The group was very receptive and even made a few jokes with me to welcome me at Sparks Hall. They were particularly interested in knowing much about where I come from, how I could compare life at my home place to Murray State University community, and how best I was fairing. Regardless of gender, most of the native people seemed to enjoy the rich ethnic diversity and willing to welcome even more to their group. At first I was nervous

Personal Reflection Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Reflection - Research Paper Example The substantive aspect includes nurses’ knowledge, tough standards and guts to pursue directions regardless of opposition. According to Downey, Parslow, and Smart (2011), â€Å"Identification of nurses with leadership characteristics is important so that leadership development and mentoring can occur within the nursing profession† (p. 517). For me, the accomplishment of an organization depends mainly on value-based actions of the leader, as Grossman and Valiga (2009, p.5) assert, â€Å"Leaders are proactive in formulating goals, primarily because they typically arise out of some personal passion for a better world†. The goal of leadership is to make â€Å"practical effort† (Zaleznik, 1981, p.26) for the new comers to follow the way the leaders work. Grossman and Valiga (2009) affirm, â€Å"In their relationships with others, leaders are concerned with what events and decisions men to those who are affected by them† (p. 5). On the other hand, management is the process of determining goals and objectives while recognizing roles and responsibilities and meeting deadlines (Zaleznik, 2004). Managers stay in communication with employees; however, their vision about organizational objectives is much shorter than that of the leader (Grossman & Valiga, 2009). The ultimate goal of the leadership is to create such teams that work effectively to produce greater results. After taking these tests: â€Å"Leadership Skills: Rate Yourself† (Grossman & Valiga, 2009, p. 20) and â€Å"The Grossman & Valiga Leadership Characteristics and Skills Assessment† (Grossman & Valiga, 2009, pp. 16-19), I figured out that leadership and management are two different domains, but many people confuse one concept with the other. In first test, I scored 38, which means that I possess good leadership qualities. In second test, for part 1 I scored 52 as I confused leadership with management; however, for part two I scored

Explain How Advertising may be used as Barrier to Entry of New firms Coursework

Explain How Advertising may be used as Barrier to Entry of New firms Into an Industry - Coursework Example Now both these definitions focus on how advertising is seen as a significant metaphor for marketing a product or service which holds importance within the realms of an organization (Starbuck, 2010:49). This paper discusses how advertising has been used as a barrier towards entry of new firms within an industry which can even span another country or region for that matter. The need is to understand how different sorts of advertising exist within the world of marketing. These could be comprised under the product advertising, service level advertising, consumer advertising, business to business (or trade) advertising, digital advertising, experiential advertising and a number of other tenets that are given significance. Essentially speaking, all forms of advertising look to address where the customer is headed and how to draw his attention which shall eventually make a sale if he feels interested (Molho, 1994:66). Advertising allows him to feel interested, get away from the competing products or services that stand in the way of this product or service which is being advertised, and so on. Advertising can be used for a number of reasons and when the need is to act as a barrier to entry of new firms within an industry, its objective becomes different. This is because advertising aims to make a sale but if the end goal is to disallow others to come forward and avoid their sales process, then perhaps this form of marketing communication is playing a somewhat distinctive role in entirety (Zottola & Parr, 2014). Advertising has changed its shape and form with the passage of time. Now the big players are doing their utmost to forbid others from entering their respective line of business. Bigger brands are doing it all the time (Tremblay, 2001:145). They are enacting strategies that shall make this happen in one way or the other. However, what must be comprehended here is the reason as to why advertising is being used as a barrier to entry and

X-Ray Technician Workloads Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

X-Ray Technician Workloads - Research Paper Example As the report stresses there is increasing realisation that for x-ray technicians to be capable of optimum performance that they need post-graduate training as a specialist. However, extended study at university is not always a feasible option for the x-ray operator, due to economic, personal or cultural factors. Also, it is important that the health care provided by practioners meet the needs of the community, and as such, most x-ray technicians find themselves needing to be multi-taskers as practioners. This paper hopes to provide methodological insights in to analysis of the working conditions for x-ray staff. Ideally, this research will contribute to local, state and national standards regarding x-ray technician workloads and training. Also, this paper aims to contribute to the knowledge of the role of the x-ray technician and the workplace factors that impact on their performance. To date, there is a glaring neglect into the study of the x-ray technician workforce. Reliable data is difficult to gather due to the different contexts of work environment, x-ray technician, and patient specific needs. A survey will measure patient satisfaction and x-ray technician workloads at a hospital in the UK. It is hypothesized that on the days of high workloads that the patients will report higher ratings of dissatisfaction. It is also expected that x-ray technicians that are specialists will receive higher ratings from patients with conditions which they specialize in, as compared to those not within their specialty training. A Review of the Literature To date, very little literature exists on the topic of x-ray technician working conditions. General information is readily available, such as the frequency of educational completions or numbers of licenses approved (Patterson et al., 2004). Research into this subject is critical, especially as x-ray technician services are unlikely to be distributed according to community needs. It is a limitation in the understanding of community health care needs when adequate data about the conditions of the workforce of x-ray technicians across time and location remains unknown. Further,

RAW #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RAW #4 - Essay Example Bell shows this through Philips’ conversation in which he postulates that Constitutive communism formed the basis upon which Nazism was propelled in the old times. He posits that it is an idea that cannot thrive in the modern society where people have continually integrated in one universal community (Bell 95). He postulates that due to the unrealizable ideal of Gemeinschaft there has been deliberate and continuous movement of the societal ties to the new and modern world Gesselshaft. He buys the idea that communitarianism is a barbaric venture that is both dangerous and archaic (Bell 99). He further potent that the Gemeinschaft ideals are simply unrealizable in the contemporary societies where the growth and concentration of capitalism has led to the breaking up of traditional small scale societal ties so much so that the implementation of communitarianism is simple impossible (Bell 100). He postulates that Gemeinschaft ideals have become static as people of today do not just assume and fulfill socially given obligations as before. The dichotomy as presented my Philip is challenged by Anne who thinks that in the contemporary society, people think of themselves neither as undifferentiated communitarians existing in self-sufficient and small villages nor as self-secluded and modern people. It is shown by Anne that even in the modern society, people still have communal attachments and peoples’ loyalties do stretch to more than one community but to families, home-towns and nations (Bell 99). It is important for the contemporary people to appreciate the fact that we do identify with not only our communities but with many communities in our lives. She brings out a clear knowledge that communitarians due place special interests on communal life. The justification for communitarian ideal emphasizes on the experience that people bound up with our lives in particular communities in which we live (Bell