Curriculum leadership pack Free Essay Example, 4500 words

There are instances of advanced, innovative, motivating programs all over the country, yet they are merely a handful in number, normally are not imitated in ways that result into a widespread change, and the confirmation of our own familiarity suggests that few will endure the exceptional people who developed them. The reality is that progress further than what one or quite a few teachers can get done in their classrooms or school persists to escape us. Action Plan Physical educators of elementary students should construct a range of opportunities for students to gain knowledge, both inside and outside of the classroom. It is an error to restrict one’s perspective of physical education exclusively to the dimension of the physical. However, in spite of the appeals throughout the recent decades to incorporate physical education with other school subjects, numerous administrators and educators think of physical education as merely a recess period for the students and for the classroom teacher. The significance of physical education in an inclusive, integrated framework for education has been adequately documented (Penney et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Curriculum leadership pack or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now 2005), and we should vigorously aim for this framework of integration if we intend to eliminate widespread beliefs, continue to exist as a discipline, and persist to have a constructive effect on students. Children have a normal inclination to seek knowledge though dynamic exploration. Moreover, quite a few children learn particular academic proficiencies and ideas more successfully through physical activity program. Taking into account these facts, it appears that the conventional school day was not planned with the children as the top priority. Apart from telling children to listen quietly and behave in an orderly manner, educators should be looking for means to make the most of the natural task of physical activity in encouraging students through using learning objectives that cater to the cognitive, emotional and psychomotor needs of children (Capel 2004). However, based on the inspection report sent, there is a bigger problem in educational outcomes as demonstrated in the results of the students’ performance in the two key stages of a physical education exercise. Nonetheless, an integrated physical education program will help in motivating students to perform better in physical education activities. Six strategies that will resolve the problems indicated in the inspection report will be laid out in this action plan; these strategies are also intended to guide the direction of the physical education program towards the attainment of an effective educational model for our elementary students.

The Drugs Technical Advisory Body Essay - 1973 Words

Advisory bodies The Drugs Technical Advisory Body (DTAB) is a technical body with the Director General of Health Services as the chairman and Drugs Controller of India as the member-secretary. It has to be consulted before any rule is amended or introduced. The members of the committee include officials and non-officials representing the industry, medical professionals and traders. Traders include both retail and wholesale chemists. Similarly representatives from industry include large scale, small scale and government undertakings. The main objective of the advisory committees is to ensure availability of essential drugs in rural areas. Administrative measures India has a federal structure of government and drugs fall in the concurrent list. Therefore, both the Central and State Governments have power to enact legislation relating to drugs. Although the Drugs and Cosmetics Act is a central legislation, the responsibility for enforcing the provisions of the Act is divided between the Central and State Governments. The Central Government is concerned with laying down regulatory measures and standards for drugs, granting approval for the import or manufacture of new drugs and maintaining control over the quality of imported drugs. The Government of India has established a Central Drug Control Organization which is headed by the Drugs Controller of India. The Offices of their departments are established in limited parts of the State for controllingShow MoreRelatedThe National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation1382 Words   |  6 Pages1992, as the new national ACCHS umbrella organisation replaced the NAIHO. Many Indigenous communities have recognized their own independent since the 1970’s. In 1975, The Community-controlled health services (ACCHs) and an over-arching agent advocacy body, the National Aboriginal Controlled Community Health Organisation (NACCHO previously NAIHO) were formed. Through changing the name it reflected the fact that Torres Strait IslandersRead MoreThe National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation1407 Words   |  6 Pages(ACCHSs) across the country on Aboriginal health and issues. BACKGROUND Since the 1970’s, many Indigenous communities have established their own independent, community-controlled health services (ACCHs) and an over-arching representatives advocacy body, the National Aboriginal Controlled Community Health Organisation (NACCHO previously NAIHO) was formed in 1975. The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (NACCHO) was established in 1992, as the new national ACCHS umbrellaRead MoreAn Report About Ghd Services Inc.1658 Words   |  7 Pagespresented under Clean Harbors’s fish/crawfish consumption assumptions are considered for information only. 4. Similarly, comparisons to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) intake concentrations or Maximum Contaminants (MCLs) should not be utilized in conclusions to evaluate risk levels. 3.0 TECHNICAL REVIEW COMMENTS The following technical review comments are associated with the Draft FS Work Plan. 1. Page 7, Section 2.1.1.2. In the third paragraph under the Tier 2 Remedial InvestigationRead MoreCase Study : Services Inc.1615 Words   |  7 Pagespresented under Clean Harbors’s fish/crawfish consumption assumptions are considered for information only. 4. Similarly, comparisons to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) intake concentrations or Maximum Contaminants (MCLs) should not be utilized in conclusions to evaluate risk levels. 3.0 TECHNICAL REVIEW COMMENTS The following technical review comments are associated with the Draft FS Work Plan. 1. Page 7, Section 2.1.1.2. In the third paragraph under the Tier 2 Remedial InvestigationRead MoreDr. Tb And New Rapid Diagnostics1109 Words   |  5 Pageshampered by insufficient funding. The WHO has called for five priority actions: high-quality treatment of drug-susceptible TB to prevent MDR-TB; expansion of rapid testing and detection of MDR-TB cases; immediate access to quality care; infection control; and increased political commitment, including adequate funding for current interventions as well as research to develop new diagnostics, drugs and treatment regimens. In this paper, I will detail the impact, threat of DR-TB and assess the successRead MoreScience And Technology New And Improved Drugs3314 Words   |  14 PagesThe diseases which were once thought to be incurable do find treatments or cure in due course of time with the progress of human research expertise. With the progress of science and technology new and improved drugs are found thus change in nature as well as human development appears as the course of life. In keeping with this, the Hathi Committee has held that a fixed or any constant number of inventions or research formulations are not sufficient to meet all the needs of time and nature. DrawingRead MoreThe Care Of Central Lines1657 Words   |  7 Pages Care of Central lines Sofia Yousuf Northland Community Technical College Abstract Central Lines are inserted for a number of clinical reasons including measurement of CVP, Administration of IV drugs, IV fluids, Blood Draw for difficult to stick patients and some times for nutritional reason (Administration of TPN). The main benefit of central line is for extremely sick people multiple drugs/treatments can be administered simultaneously. The major disadvantages of central linesRead MoreThe Security Of The United States Security2131 Words   |  9 Pagesdepartment, there was a color-coded threat system known as the Homeland Security Advisory System. There was red for severe risk of terrorist attacks, orange for high risk of terrorist attacks, yellow for significant risk of terrorist attacks, blue for general risk of terrorist attacks, and green for low risk of terrorist attacks (Homeland Security News, 2011). This system is being replaced by the National Terrorism Advisory System, which will more effectively communicate information about terrorist threatsRead More Gene Therapy for Cancer Essay4395 Words   |  18 Pageswhich introduces transgenic cells into the germ line as well as into the somatic cell population, not only achieve a cure for the individual treated, but some gametes could also carry the corrected genotype. Somatic gene therapy focuses only on the body, or soma, attempting to effect a reversal of the disease phenotype by treating some somatic tissues in the affected individual. One of the most promising approaches to emerge from the improved understanding of cancer at the molecular level is theRead MoreA Research Study On Gene Therapy2128 Words   |  9 Pages2.1. Gene Therapy Gene therapy involves the introduction of genetic material into cells in order to treat or prevent disease. Classical gene therapy has been described as â€Å"using DNA as a drug†, in which DNA carrying genes is transferred into cells by artificial means. After decades of research, this approach has now been successfully used to treat a number of conditions in humans. This section presents the historical background to the development of gene therapy. Genes as theoretical units of inheritance

Animal Experimentation a Necessity free essay sample

Animal Experimentation: a Necessity BY shark953 Animal Experimentation: A Necessity Since more than 1. 4 million mammals other than rats and mice were used in research, and since mice and rats probably make up 90% of the animals in labs, we can guess that about 14 million rats and mice were used in research in 2002 (1 1 Facts About Animal Testing). One might assume 14 million is a lot of animals put to torture, but has one thought about what benefits come forth from the testing done? Has one thought that the animals being used are to gain valuable biological information rather than observing the animals being tortured for amusement? While animal testing may seem unethical and inhumane, the practice should further continue due to the benefits contributed to ones life. Animal experimentation is a necessity in the studies of medical research. Many say that there should be an alternative to finding cures other than testing on innocent animals, but what are the alternatives? Computers and virtual testing cannot analyze accurate results. As stated by David Hubel, the 1981 Nobel Price winner in medicine, mfou cant train a heart surgeon on a computer, and to study a brain, you need a brain; a man-made machine is no substitute. (Hurley Ed. ). Other ethods for obtaining medical information would include testing on humans, but such method would be considered much more inhumane(Animal Testing). Human testing would only violate human rights, animal research was designed to be†and is †a crucial human rights protection (Smith). If one does not approve testing on animals, why would one approve testing on humans? Animals are easily bred, and maintained safely in controlled labs. The costs of testing humans would be extremely high (Animal Testing). Also testing drugs on humans take much longer time to conclude the results to the difference in length of life for lab animals and umans. (Animal Testing). On the other hand, to ban experimentation would be to paralyze modern medicine, to perpetuate human suffering, and to endanger human health by allowing products such as insecticides onto the market before testing them for toxicity. . (Dixon, Thomas). Since drug testing is essential among the United States citizens, discontinued testing for cures concerning deadly diseases and abnormalities such as cancer would create an epidemic. According to the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, There is not a person in the United States ho has not somehow benefitted from the results of research involving animals. (Ed. Hurley, Jennifer A. ). A rat, is a pig, is a dog, is a boy. (Smith, Wesley J. ). This particular quote is the reason animal rightists oppose the practice of animal experimentation. An animal rightist would believe that if a rat is killed, then it is equivalent to killing a boy. But if animals were not used for experimentation, there would be no medical advancements. Animal rightists believe that regardless of the admitted benefits humans receive from animal experimentation, the research much be stopped because it is immoral to take a life. Just as it is immoral to kill another living human, it should be considered immoral to kill another living animal. Some also believe that humans, and indeed, causes us significant harm. (Smith, Wesley J. ). It has been proven by USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), that most animals used for testing annually provide no extraordinary breakthroughs or even consistent results. But trials may have to be done hundreds of times to provide accurate conclusions, l have not failed. Ive Just found 10,000 ways that wont work, as stated by Thomas Edison. Some of the tests certainly seem painful, but the majority of eople on th is planet eat meat or wear leather without any guilt. Where is their sympathy for animals? (Animal Testing). Many accuse animal testing practitioners for engaging in animal cruelty and being unethical, but have they not thought about their daily non-vegetarian meals as cruelty of animal slaughtering? The nation has though taken actions to provide the best comfort for the animals being tested by making animal experimentaters aspire to the highest levels of animal welfare in their labs, using anaesthetics whenever possible and keeping animals in clean, comfortable, and healthy conditions. (Dixon, Thomas). Also, treating out fellow creatures as mercifully as possible (Animal Testing) will demonstrate our humanity. Although, the lack of ethical self-examination in common and generally involved denial or avoidance of animal suffering , resulting in the dehumanization of researchers and the ethical degration of their research subjects (Animal Experimentation), experimenters plan to provide a more safe mental and physical environment for the animals used. This way the experimenters can maintain their humanity while medical advancements can still further continue. Those in favor of nimal experiments say that the good done to human beings outweighs the harm done to animals. Considering the breakthroughs that were created by animal experimentation, it is morally acceptable to harm a few animals. (Animal Experimentation). The cures for polio and other epidemic diseases were found through animal testing, and if continued, would probably find future cures to other deadly diseases. Disease prevention can never eliminate the need for medical research, and medical research will always need animals (Ed. Hu rley, Jennifer A. ). Bibliography 11 Facts about Animal Testing. , Do Something. rg.

Wildlife Refuge Essays - Hunting, , Term Papers

Wildlife Refuge WILDLIFE REFUGE Gray Lodge Wildlife Area, located in Butte County of Northern California, serves many purposes to surrounding communities, including wildlife. Divided in two segments, this refuge serves the wildlife and recreational desires of visitors; one segment is for the waterfowl to rest, and the other designated for hunting. Approximately 50,000 visitors come to this Wildlife refuge every year. Various activities and events bring spectators of nature and sport hunting year round, regardless of weather. Hunting is only allowed three days a week in the season designated. Visitors travel here to observe waterfowl in courtship activities, migration, or to bird watch in general. Of the 50k visitors every year, 15,000 are hunters. Through fees paid for the privilege to hunt this protected area, the hunters pay for the luxury of viewers or spectators. Grey Lodge Wildlife Area when first bought in 1931, being only 2,500 acres and 9,200 acres presently. An abundant water supply is needed to manage this area, with most water coming from Lake Oroville. Although a wildlife refuge areas are initially viewed as natural, they factually are not different from any ranch. The land is totally managed, with the same tactics and equipment, with one thing different; this being the harvesting of crops. All crops are actually harvested by the waterfowl and wildlife. In parts of the year, marshes are burned, and some land is disked to regenerate new growth. The management of this area is a 365-day job, with flooding, seasonal hazards, and poachers. Forty percent of management time is spent on water management, being the whole livelihood to the refuge area. Along with bird watching sites and special segments for hunting, there are special access sites for the disabled hunters. These are special blinds accessible with a placard from the Department of Motor Vehicles, and are an outcome from the Americans with Disabilities Act, or ADA. The walkway to these special blinds is laid with sand and other materials, somewhat solidifying, for the use of a wheelchair. Like any community, disease and sickness occur in the wildlife area. Prompt action is vital to the population of waterfowl, and overall wildlife. Fowl Cholera is a nasal born disease occurring during a severe cold spell, or water conditions available just are not right. Mammals and small rodents are also known to perish as a result from this disease. All waterfowl and animals need be disposed, for the attempt to save remaining in jeopardy. Vegetation management is also an issue on this wildlife refuge. The use of herbicide to control various exotic, unwanted, class one pests is common. The Arundo, a giant bamboo cane, is a flood control inhibitor, and difficult to do away with. Most of the biomass to this plant is underground and in this area. Grey Lodge in the fourth year of treatment has an Arundo Eradication Team, emphasizing the need to rid of this weed. Other plants on this wildlife refuge native, or not; desirable or not; are-milkweed (undesirable), native blackberry (desirable), non-native blackberry (undesirable), and parrots feather (undesirable aquatic weed). Summary Gray Lodge Wildlife Area, located in Butte County of Northern California, serves many purposes to surrounding communities, including wildlife. Divided in two segments, this refuge serves the wildlife and recreational desires of visitors; one segment is for the waterfowl to rest, and the other designated for hunting. Only three days of the week are designated as hunting days, leaving the other four to strictly sightseeing and management time. The three days of hunt are Wednesday, Saturday, and Sunday. The privilege to hunt includes a fee, which in turn, allows other events on the refuge to be free of fees. Approximately 50,000 visitors come to this Wildlife refuge every year. Visitors travel here to observe waterfowl in courtship activities, migration, or to bird watch in general. All crops are actually harvested by the waterfowl and wildlife. Vegetation management is also an issue on this wildlife refuge. Other plants on this wildlife refuge native, or not; desirable or not; are-milkweed (undesirable), native blackberry (desirable), non-native blackberry (undesirable), and parrots feather (undesirable aquatic weed). Animal Science

Things Fall Apart Reaction Paper free essay sample

They came on the decision of killing him and Okonkwo joined in killing him due to his fear of becoming weak. But then, guilt haunts Okonkwo throughout the story. b. ) Nwoye is Okonkwo’s eldest son. He is not on good terms with his father and seemed to lose respect on him especially at the moment when Ikemefuna was killed. On the other hand, Okonkwo sees Nwoye as a disappointment. This is because of Okonkwo sees his father in him. In the latter part when Okonkwo was exiled for seven years, he was converted into Christian and had his new Christian name: Isaac. c. Ekwefi is Okonkwo’s second wife. She sees Okonkwo as someone who is so masculine especially when he beat Amalinze the Cat. We can also see that there is this love involved in their relationship since it was stated in the first part of the story that she ran away from her husband to be with Okonkwo. We will write a custom essay sample on Things Fall Apart Reaction Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though not stated in the book, she is Okonkwo’s favorite wife. She is someone who is not just beautiful but also bold and strong. He is closer to Ekwefi than her other wives. Ekwefi cares so much about her daughter. When Ezinma has iba, she woke Okonkwo up without hesitation by pounding his door. Also, when Okonkwo is leaving Mbanta, she was put in charge of preparing cassava for the final feast. d. ) Ezinma is Okonkwo’s eldest daughter. She thinks of his father as someone who is respected by everyone. She looks up to his father. She understands his father more than her siblings do. She is Okonkwo’s favorite. Okonkwo enjoys her wrongdoings in terms of given gender roles and he sometimes wishes that she was just a boy. She grew up and became the village beauty like her mother. She came back with her father after their exile in Umuofia and married there. . ) Obierika is Okonkwo’s best friend. He thinks of Okonkwo as a successful man. Okonkwo thinks of him as a dependable best friend. In the end, he accused the District Commissioner responsible for Okonkwo’s death. 2. ) Protagonist is the main or principal character in a story. The protagonist in this story is Okonkwo. This is evident since the story circulates on his life – his rise to positio n and wealth, the way he condemn and hate his father, his fall into exile, until his suicide. 3. ) The religion of Okonkwo’s tribe and the Christianity that Mr. Brown brings both believe in gods. But then, Umuofia’s religion believes in ancestral spirits and chi (personal deity) while Christianity believes in one God, who is the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End. A proof that Umuofia believes in deity gods is when they said that A man could not rise beyond the destiny of his chi. â€Å"(Chapter 14, page 131) Also, another proof of the comparison between Christianity and the religion of Umuofia is the conversation of Mr. Brown and Akunna, when they both explained their religion to each other. Mr. Brown said that they (The Ibo people) worship carved woods and it is wrong. Akunna said that they acknowledge a creator God or Supreme Being, but they call him Chukwu because â€Å"He made the entire world and the other gods. † (Chapter 21, page 179) and the carved woods they worship are: †The tree from which it came was made by Chukwu, as indeed all the minor gods were† (Chapter 21, page 179). 4. ) Ibo Terms An example is the practice where they bring and leave those people infected with â€Å"the swelling† into the woods until they pass away. Even if it was a severe custom, it was necessary as for their opinion. Christian terms An example was when they rescue of the new-born twin babies from the forbidden forest. The Ibo tribe thinks that having a new-born twin babies is an evil sign and a curse for the women to have twin babies so they just let them die in the forest. This tradition came out to be very cruel to the missionaries. So, they showed readiness to go against Ibo tribe’s tradition for the babies’ life sake. 5. ) They maintain the belief that the egwugwu are gods when they are clearly masked humans because these are the symbol of the culture and independence of their tribe. Once the egwugwu loose power in the community, the clan’s culture and independence will also be lost. 6. ) It came from the Old Testament story of Abraham and his son, Isaac (Genesis 22: 1-13) in the Bible. The story is that God ordered the first patriarch Abraham to sacrifice his young son Isaac, but then when he saw him about to do it, told him to stop and sacrifice a nearby ram instead. The idea is that Abrahams  faith  was only being tested; but to prove himself a religious man he had to be ready to kill his first-born. Nwoye’s conversion to Christianity is revealed as an act of upheaval against his father, so there could be a sense that he is declining to be sacrificed or to follow his father. 7. ) For me, Okonkwo values his feeling of success and importance more than the rules of his village. Some evidences are: he violated the rule on the Week of Peace by beating his wife, he unintentionally killed Ezedu’s son, and he committed suicide. 8. ) If a member in our family had Okonkwo’s personality, he would be living a miserable life. He would be living in a place filled with people who got the same personality as he have because living in the city with the usual people is going to be a problem for them. For a living, maybe he would have a work that has got to do with perfecting things and a work which does not require him to mingle with a lot of people because that will be a great problem to them. He will have perfecting things and stuffs, reading books on his own, studying, and sharing serious or sometimes deadly stories even to children as for his hobbies. I also think that he will have an unhappy family. A family who’s having a hard time doing and acting naturally for someone in their family seeks and only accepts perfection, a family who cannot express their feelings since someone in the family thinks that open communication is not a need, and a family who cannot express their feeling to one another since someone in the family thinks that this is only for weak people even if it is not. 9. ) The proverb means the child, no matter how he tries, will still have a part if his personality alike from one of his parents. The more he declines and the more he tries to change and control it so much to the extent that he almost doesn’t care on how the other people around him feels, then he is more likely to become worse than what is expected. Yes, this proverb describes Okonkwo well. He condemned his father so much. He hated everything that reminds him about his father’s â€Å"weakness† so he did everything – he does not control his anger, he does not show his appreciation, love, and care to his family, and a lot more – that he can for him not to be like his father. But then, he ended up becoming a worse failure and weaker than his father when he committed suicide. 10. ) The title â€Å"Things Fall Apart† is significant for it foreshadows the disaster that will portray in the novel. It gives us a hint that the story will not give us a happy ending so we should not expect for one. It somehow gives us the idea that something, maybe the tribe or Okonkwo’s family, will fall apart, into pieces.

Jose Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines

Jose Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal (June 19,  1861–December 30,  1896) was a man of incredible intellectual power and amazing artistic talent. He excelled at anything that he put his mind to- medicine, poetry, sketching, architecture, sociology, and more. Rizals martyrdom by the Spanish colonial authorities, while he was still quite young, was a huge loss to ​the Philippines and to the world at large. Today, the people of the Philippines honor him as their national hero. Fast Facts: Josà © Rizal Known For: National hero of the Philippines for his key role inspiring and leading the Philippine Revolution against colonial SpainBorn: June 19, 1861 at Calamba, LagunaParents: Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y QuintosDied: December 30, 1896 in Barcelona, SpainEducation: Ateneo Municipal de Manila, studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas and medicine and philosophy at the  Universidad Central de Madrid (1884); ophthalmology at the University of Paris and the University of HeidelbergPublished Works: Noli Me Tangere, El FilibusterismoSpouse(s): Josephine Bracken (married two hours before his death)Children: None Early Life Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna, the seventh child of Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos. They named the boy Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda. The Mercado family were wealthy farmers who rented land from the Dominican religious order. Descendants of a Chinese immigrant named Domingo Lam-co, they changed their name to Mercado (market) under the pressure of anti-Chinese feeling among the Spanish colonizers. From an early age, Jose Rizal Mercado showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the age of 3 and could read and write at age 5. Education Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal Mercado attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, graduating at the age of 16 with the highest honors. He took a post-graduate course there in land surveying. Rizal Mercado completed his surveyors training in 1877 and passed the licensing exam in May 1878, but he could not receive a license to practice because he was only 17 years old. (He was eventually granted a license in 1881 when he reached the age of majority.) In 1878, the young man also enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas as a medical student. He later quit the school, alleging discrimination against Filipino students by the Dominican professors. In Madrid In May 1882, Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal got on a ship to Spain without informing his parents of his intentions. He enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid after arriving. In June 1884, he received his medical degree at the age of 23; the following year, he also graduated from the Philosophy and Letters department. Inspired by his mothers advancing blindness, Rizal next went to the University of Paris and then to the University of Heidelberg to complete further study in the field of ophthalmology. At Heidelberg, he studied under the famed professor Otto Becker. Rizal finished his second doctorate at Heidelberg in 1887. Rizals Life in Europe Jose Rizal lived in Europe for 10 years. During that time, he picked up a number of languages- he could converse in more than 10 different tongues. While in Europe, the young Filipino impressed everyone who met him with his charm, intelligence, and his mastery of an incredible range of different fields of study. Rizal excelled at martial arts, fencing, sculpture, painting, teaching, anthropology, and journalism, among other things. During his European sojourn, he also began to write novels. Rizal finished his first book, Noli Me Tangere, while living in Wilhemsfeld with the Reverend Karl Ullmer. Novels and Other Works Rizal wrote Noli Me Tangere in Spanish; it was published in 1887 in Berlin. The novel is a scathing indictment of the Catholic Church and Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, and its publication cemented Jose Rizals position on the Spanish colonial governments list of troublemakers. When Rizal returned home for a visit, he received a summons from the Governor General and had to defend himself from charges of disseminating subversive ideas. Although the Spanish governor accepted Rizals explanations, the Catholic Church was less willing to forgive. In 1891, Rizal published a sequel, titled El Filibusterismo. Program of Reforms In both his novels and newspaper editorials, Jose Rizal called for a number of reforms of the Spanish colonial system in the Philippines. He advocated for freedom of speech and assembly, equal rights before the law for Filipinos, and Filipino priests in place of the often-corrupt Spanish churchmen. In addition, Rizal called for the Philippines to become a province of Spain, with representation in the Spanish legislature (the Cortes Generales). Rizal never called for independence for the Philippines. Nonetheless, the colonial government considered him a dangerous radical and declared him an enemy of the state. Exile and Courtship In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines. He was almost immediately accused of being involved in the brewing rebellion  and was exiled to Dapitan City, on the island of Mindanao. Rizal would stay there for four years, teaching school and encouraging agricultural reforms. During that same period, the people of the Philippines grew more eager to revolt against the Spanish colonial presence. Inspired in part by Rizals organization La Liga, rebel leaders like Andres Bonifacio began to press for military action against the Spanish regime. In Dapitan, Rizal met and fell in love with Josephine Bracken, who brought her stepfather to him for a cataract operation. The couple applied for a marriage license but were denied by the Church (which had excommunicated Rizal). Trial and Execution The Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896. Rizal denounced the violence  and received permission to travel to Cuba in order to tend victims of yellow fever in exchange for his freedom. Bonifacio and two associates sneaked aboard the ship to Cuba before it left the Philippines and tried to convince Rizal to escape with them, but Rizal refused. He was arrested by the Spanish on the way, taken to Barcelona, and then extradited to Manila for trial. Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal was tried by court-martial and charged with conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion. Despite a lack of any evidence of his complicity in the Revolution, Rizal was convicted on all counts and given a death sentence. He was allowed to marry Josephine two hours before his execution by firing squad on December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal was just 35 years old. Legacy Mariano Sayno / Getty Images Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal is remembered today throughout the Philippines for his brilliance, courage, peaceful resistance to tyranny, and his compassion. Filipino schoolchildren study his final literary work, a poem called Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Goodbye), and his two famous novels. Spurred on by Rizals martyrdom, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. With assistance from the United States, the Philippine archipelago was able to defeat the Spanish army. The Philippines declared its independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. It was the first democratic republic in Asia. Sources de Ocampo, Estaban A. Dr. Jose Rizal, Father of Filipino Nationalism. Journal of Southeast Asian History 3.1 (1962): 44-55.Rizal, Josà ©. One Hundred Letters of Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal. Manila: Philippine National Historical Society, 1959.Valenzuela, Maria Theresa. Constructing National Heroes: Postcolonial Philippine and Cuban Biographies of Josà © Rizal and Josà © Martà ­. Biography 37.3 (2014): 745-61.

Developing Winning Competitive Strategies Essay

Developing Winning Competitive Strategies - Essay Example The digital camera users have appreciated our company's products and for this case, they have developed as a substantial worldwide market share. Our company emphasis on the market share in all continents although we failed to achieve a substantial market share in the United States and Asia since the amount of profit per share we were making was at minimal. We had a notion that the price of our products would assist as gain a substantial market share and for this case, we overlooked investing in the marketing department even though we had invested heavily on in the market share. Our main marketing strategy was our image rating as we believed that this would eventually as it expressed the quality of our product since it attracted more customers to purchase our products. Our sales increased gradually since our customers believed that our quality of the products was high as the quality of the product goes with the image rating as it was our case. ... Another strength that has assisted our company gains a substantial market share is advertising. People have to be made aware of a product for them to be purchased and it does not if the quality of a product is high, if people do not know of its existence, then a low quality may have a large market share since people of its existence. Our company invested heavily in the advertisement as they always exceeded their advertisement budget of $300 to the actual spending of $537 in advertising. Another strength that assisted our company to succeed against its competitors is the market share. We started from the beginning to market our products in all the continents in the world in order to increase our sales revenue. This strength really helped us since we increased our sales and eventually our profits went up as our products were made known throughout the world.

BUSINESS D M Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUSINESS D M - Essay Example All members of the team also agreed on most fundamental point that selected site should have maximum business potential otherwise no sensible promoter will ever risk their funds in a private venture. While doing strength and weakness analysis of each sites by group members following points emerged for each sites. Strengths Weaknesses Site A Site B Site C Plenty of land available Politically quite suitable site Semi-skilled and unskilled workers are available plenty. Most profitable site for business Professionals will love to live here Skilled professionals are available Plenty of the land available for the project A ‘mid cost’ site Not enough housing facilities Professional staff would not like to move here A lot of amount required to be spent on clean up and sterilization Not having enough business potential Protected wild life site Media is against in selection of this site Political activists oppose this site Road conditions are dismal Parking is an issue at this sit e Transport link would take huge budget The group members agreed after deliberations on the following main criteria/objectives of the hospital project that must be fulfilled while selecting the site and they are listed as per the following. 1.

12 Angry Men.A Review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

12 Angry Men.A - Movie Review Example The jury does not assume him to be innocent, as the law prescribes. Even the judge drones his boredom during jury instructions. The many ethical dilemmas, values and concepts depicted in this film include: 1. Presumed innocence, ethic or myth? 2. Personal prejudice in the jury room. 3. Personal experience in the jury room. 4. Personal agenda in the jury room. 5. Interpersonal group dynamics: bullies, opinion leaders, bigots, conformists The film explores the best and worst in human behavior in the setting of the jury room amidst a literal life and death decision. This paper explores that treatment. Presumed Innocence Ethic or Myth Eleven of the jurors voted guilty in the first polling without the benefit of an evidence review. Only juror 81 voted not guilty. The anonymity of nameless jurors reduced audience prejudice, although, juror 8 wore a white suit and juror 32 wore a black suit in keeping with Hollywood symbolism. Juror 8 stood alone in his conviction, his ethic, that before se nding a defendant to the death penalty, the jury had a duty to review the case. Several of the jurors commented they thought the defendant was guilty from early in the case, indicating an early personal deliberation without listening to the defense first. Juror 23 says he cannot put his reasons into words, just thought the defendant â€Å"guilty from the word go†. (Lumet 1957) Juror 64 says he was â€Å"convinced early† (Lumet 1957) when the prosecutor established motive. Juror 75 exclaims â€Å"no one thought about it twice† (Lumet 1957) except juror 8. Clearly, these jurors did not honor their commitment to impartiality prior to deliberations. Although the defense attorney did not aggressively cross examine witnesses, most jurors felt the defense council was competent, mostly by assumption. The assumption of competency logically lead to the conclusion that if there were a defense, it would have been presented. No defense, no rebuttal, no innocence. The defense council is never on screen, a cinematic no show. The fact that the boy was accused of killing his father, a man whose position was sympathetic to many on the jury, ironically foreshadowed the juror 8 role in this drama. (Cunningham 1986) Juror 3 said his parenting skills involved â€Å"making his son a man† (Lumet 1957) until his son punched him in the jaw during an argument. Juror 8 raised his kids through love and respect. Juror 8 saw in the defendant an innocent child that never had a chance while the others only saw his superficial guilt. The movie continued through the first act with only juror 8 assuming the defendant was not guilty. The others were too emotional or prejudiced to review the facts. The first act ends with juror 8 making a leap of faith. He challenges the others to make a secret ballot and if all 11 vote guilty, he will too. The votes are counted and a 10-1 split is discovered. The older gentleman, juror 96, decided to back up juror 8 on principle; altho ugh ten jurors did not presume innocence, the young defendant would receive thoughtful deliberation from his jury. Personal Prejudice The jurors demonstrated a varying degree of prejudice, both racial and class based. As the jurors entered the jury room, several conversations revolved around the defendant and his social status. The discussion of evidence brought to light the prejudice and backstory7 of the jurors. In a more benign comment, Juror 48 avers the defendant came from the slums and slums create criminals. â€Å"Everyone knows that† (Lumet 1957). Juror 59 disagrees with this assessment, reviewing his own history and asking for sensitivity to the youth’s plight. Juror 1010 is a more vehement bigot, spewing stereotype and cursing â€Å"

Abolishing The Criminal Juvenile Justice System Criminology Essay

Abolishing The Criminal Juvenile Justice System Criminology Essay Throughout the course of focusing on juvenile issues that require forethought and afterthought the idea of Should the justice system be abolished? Has been of particular interest to me, because of the apparent disparity that exists in some cases where juveniles are denied due process for a criminal act or thrust into a complex system that does not provide much in the sense of reform. My question becomes investigative in nature to delve into an answer: Why do juveniles seemingly enter an adversarial system and not one that is rehabilitative and in some cases just? The first issue to examine is the get tough approach and its effectiveness as a deterrent to juvenile crimes. As a get tough approach on juvenile crime takes place, the demands for stronger crime policies emerge; elected officials throughout the United States are gradually dismantling the juvenile justice system and replacing it with a deceptive criminal system, a system that emphasizes mandatory sentences and formal advers arial procedures. Much of the juvenile court original case load has been reassigned to the criminal court. The question takes hold: Is it feasibly to have a separate juvenile justice system and if it is not what can replace it? It is the job of the policy makers to introspectively confront these questions, and more importantly find progressive answers. It is certain that new policies need to implemented that capture the essence of the problem and seeks to reform it. Perhaps, these new policies should focus on more than abolishing the juvenile courts delinquency jurisdiction and sending all young offenders to commonplace criminal courts (Butts, 2000, p. 1). It is equally important explore the reasons why the abolishing the juvenile court system is viewed as a viable option by some. Arguments can be made that history has shown the ineffectiveness of such as system currently today. Feld posits that judicial decisions, legislative amendments, and administrative change have changed the j uvenile court from a nominally rehabilitative social welfare agency into a scaled-down second class criminal court for young people (Wiesheit Culbertson, 2000, p. 277). Over the past century, the juvenile court struggled to provide treatment for juvenile offenders while guaranteeing them constitutional due process. But the system has been so overwhelmed by the increase in violent juvenile crime and family breakdown that some judges and politicians have suggested abolishing the juvenile system, and even those experts who want to retain an independent juvenile court have called for the restructuring and other advocates want to reduce jurisdiction over juveniles charged with serious crimes and liberalize the prosecutors ability to try them in adult courts (Siegel Welsh, 2009, p. 446). A compelling argument can be made for abolishing the juvenile justice system, or more specific abolishing delinquency, the idea that juvenile offenders are not fully responsible for their actions and s hould be tried in a separate court system. However, there are two important distinctions to be made abolishing delinquency is not the same thing as dismantling the entire juvenile court. Even if lawmakers ended the juvenile courts jurisdiction over criminal law violations, the juvenile court could continue to handle other types of cases such as abused and neglected children, truants, curfew violations etc. In fact, juvenile offenders could continue to be handled by the same judges in the same courtrooms that are currently handling them, but the courts would operate as youth divisions of criminal court using criminal procedures under the criminal code. Neither would abolishing delinquency mandate that all young offenders be sent to adult correctional programs or adult probation agencies. Many states already operate separate correctional facilities for young adults. The decision to handle all young offenders in the criminal court would not prevent correctional specialization. States would still have the discretion to separate offenders by age when incarcerating or otherwise supervising convicted offenders and the federal government would still be free to require such separation as a condition of financial support for state corrections agencies. The debate will still exist whether abolishing the juvenile justice system refers only to the courts responsibility for delinquency cases. Policy makers must then decide what type of court should have legal jurisdiction over juvenile delinquents. The debate centers on whether to continue defining law violations by young people as delinquent acts, or to classify them simply as crimes and refer them to criminal court (Butts, 2000, p. 1). HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM Juvenile courts today bear only a passing similarity to the original concept of juvenile justice formulated centuries ago. State lawmakers built the first juvenile courts around an informal, quasi-civil process. Juvenile court judges had broad discretion with which they could intervene quickly and decisively, even in cases involving hard-to-prove charges. Juvenile offenders received minimal procedural protections in juvenile court, but in return they were promised a court that would focus on their best interests. The mission of the juvenile court was to help young law violators to get back on the right track, not simply punish their illegal behavior (Butts, 2000, p. 2). The Supreme Courts decision in In re Gault (1967) began changing the juvenile court into a very different institution than the Progressives contemplated. Progressive reformers envisioned an informal court whose dispositions reflected the best interest of the child. The Supreme Court engrafted formal procedures at tria l onto juvenile courts individualized treatment sentencing schema. Although the Courts decision was not intended to change the juvenile courts therapeutic mission, legislative, judicial, and administrative responses to Gault have modified the courts jurisdiction, purpose and procedures (Feld 1984, 1988b). The substantive and procedural convergence between juvenile and criminal courts eliminates most of the conceptual and operational differences between social control strategies for youths and adults (Wiesheit Culbertson, 2000, p. 277). It is important to define the significance of the Supreme Courts Gault (1967) decision at it was two crucial gaps between juvenile justice rhetoric and reality: the theory versus practice of rehabilitation, and the differences between procedural safeguards afforded adults and those available to juveniles (Felds 1990b). The Court stressed that juveniles charged with crimes who faced institutional confinement required elementary procedural safeguards w hich included notice of charge, a hearing, assistance of counsel, an opportunity to confront and cross-examine witnesses, and a privilege against self incrimination. In other cases such as In re Winship (1970), the court determined that the risk of erroneous convictions required delinquency to be proven by the criminal standard beyond a reasonable doubt rather than by a lower civil standard of proof. In Breed v. Jones (1975), the Court posited a functional equivalence between criminal trials and delinquency proceedings and applied the ban on double jeopardy to delinquency convictions. In McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1970), however, the Court denied juveniles the constitutional right to jury trials and halted the extension of full procedural parity with adult criminal prosecutions. Although Gault and Winship recognized the need for procedural safeguards against governmental oppression, McKeiver denied the need for such protections, invoked the mythology of benevolent juvenile court judg es, and justified the procedural differences of juvenile courts by their treatment rationale (McKeiver 1970, pp. 550-51; Feld 1988b). Gault (1967), Winship (1970), and McKeiver (1970) precipitated a procedural and substantive revolution in juvenile justice that unintentionally but inevitably transformed its Progressive conception. By emphasize placed on criminal procedural regularity in determining delinquency and formalizing the connection between crime and sentence, the Court made explicit a relationship previously implicit and unacknowledged. Legislative and judicial responses to those decisions decriminalized status offenders, waiving serious offenders, punitively sentencing delinquents, and formalizing procedures further the convergence between criminal and juvenile courts (Wiesheit Culbertson, 2000, p. 280). Although these reforms may have been enacted for good reason, they raise serious questions about the continuing need for a separate, juvenile court system. As lawmakers continue to increase the similarity of juvenile and criminal court sanctions, it becomes harder to rationalize the separation of the process that imposes them (Butts, 2000, p. 3). The juvenile justice system has strayed too far from its original mission, according to Feld. Policy makers should cancel the nations juvenile justice experiment. Todays juvenile court retains much of the terminology of juvenile law, but it functions as a pseudo criminal court. Worse, it fails to provide complete due process protections for accused youth. Juvenile courts are still not required to provide bail, jury trials, or the right to a speedy trial for youthful offenders. Feld has recommended that all law violations be handled in a criminal court, although he hopes the system will continue acknowledge the minimized culpability of the very young by imposing sentences with a youthful discount meaning a 17-year-old defendant would get 75 percent of the sentence due an 18-year-old, a 16-year-old would get 50 percent, etc. Even if Felds proposed youth discount is ultimately rejected by policy makers, the insights and observations on which he has based these proposals cannot be ignore d. Lawmakers will soon have to ask themselves the following question: Is it possible to terminate the juvenile justice system? The juvenile justice system conjures some strong opinions, and not all of them can be categorized as either liberal or conservative. It would also be very wrong to assume that all the critics of the juvenile courts are uncaring, law and order types who feel little compassion for the poor, disproportionately minority youth who compromise the largest percentage of the juvenile courts clients. The critics Dr. Felds are more often motivated by a concern for youth. It is their perspective, the juvenile court has never lived up to its rehabilitative promise and it never will, and more importantly, the juvenile courts lower standards of due process are no longer tolerable given its modern emphasize on just desserts and retribution. Courts were meant to handle law violations, the abolitionists say and not social welfare problems (Butts, 2000, p. 2). Policy makers ha ve found it difficult to find middle ground in this engaging controversy, but unfortunately their compromise was to slowly criminalize the juvenile court, especially in light of the Supreme Courts ruling in Gault (1967) in which law makes across the country have encouraged juvenile courts to embrace the goals and operational style of the criminal courts. Juvenile courts currently pursue many of the objectives once unique to criminal courts, including incapacitation and retribution. Both juvenile courts and criminal courts rely on plea bargaining for case outcomes. Both are forced by growing caseloads to adopt assembly-line tactics and they often have difficulty providing individualized dispositions. It is hard to draw a distinction between juvenile courts and adult courts because of the atmosphere. Because of juvenile discretion being restricted, its once sweeping authority becomes diluted, making the court more bureaucratic and inflexible. Decades of reform increased the severity o f the juvenile court process, but they also curtailed the courts ability to provide individualized and comprehensive interventions for youth offenders. Throughout most of the juvenile courts 100 year history, it is evident that we do not need a separate juvenile court system. Juvenile courts allowed society to intervene early in the lives of troubled youth and they prevented a variety of abhorrence that occurred when young defendants were incarcerated with adult offenders. Defending the juvenile court was instinctive among advocates, social workers, family therapists, clergy, educators, defense attorneys, judges and even many prosecutors. Juvenile justice as currently practiced imposes two significant cost on American youth: The first is the juvenile court itself no longer delivers its promise rehabilitation and minimal stigmatism in exchange for due process; the second is the continuing existence of the juvenile justice system allows courts, corrections, and other youth service ag encies to ignore the inherent youthfulness of many offenders now defined as adults. The growing use of criminal court transfer or waiver has been very damaging to the institutional integrity of the juvenile court. Public safety proponents are unduly focused on increasing the transfer, despite research casting doubt on its effectiveness (Butts, 2000, p. 3). Todays juvenile system is vulnerable to abolition because it attracts intense criticism from the public. Some of this criticism stems from ignorance of juvenile law and its purpose, but not all of it comes from lack of information. Many people simply no longer accept the concept of delinquency, or diminished legal responsibility due to age in other words to them, a juvenile drug dealer is still a drug dealer (Butts, 2000, p. 4). Equating seriousness with the length of confinement conflicts with the traditional concept of juvenile justice, but support for traditional justice is wearing thin. Federal and state law makers have enacte d sweeping changes in the nations juvenile justice systems and the pace of change continued even when juvenile violence began to plummet in the mid-1990s. Nearly all states have passed laws to send far more juveniles to criminal court and some jurisdictions have introduced formal sentencing guidelines that limit the discretion of juvenile court judges. Together, these efforts have begun to unravel the juvenile courts reason for being. No issue in the juvenile justice arena captivates the public or policy makers like criminal court transfers. Many policy makers believe that serious juvenile offenders should be tried in criminal court in order to achieve more certain and more severe punishment. In about half of all transfers, the offenders receive sentences comparable to what they might have received in juvenile court. About one-fifth actually receive more lenient treatment in criminal court. Some may be convicted of lesser offenses or the charges against them be dismissed due to the greater evidentiary scrutiny in criminal court. The bottom line is that criminal court transfer does not ensure incarceration, and it does not always increase sentence lengths even in cases that result in incarceration. Yet, few policies are as popular with the public or with elected officials. During the 1980s and 1990s, lawmakers enacted new transfer laws on an almost annual basis. Moreover, there was an increase in laws that moved entire classes of young offenders into criminal court without the involvement of juvenile court judges. Judicial authority in transfer decisions was diminished while the role of prosecutors and legislatures increased. Non-judicial mechanisms now account for the vast majority of juvenile transfers. Many states enacted policies that made judicial waiver presumptive and it shifted the burden of proof from the prosecution to the defense. Presumptive waiver provisions typically require a defense attorney to show proof that a youth is amenable to juvenile cou rt handling or otherwise the juvenile is transferred to criminal court. Between 1992 and 1997, according to a series of reports prepared for the Office of Juvenile Justice, eleven states passed presumptive waiver provisions. Fourteen states (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Vermont, Virginia, and Wyoming) and the District of Columbia enacted presumptive waiver laws by the end of the 1990s (Butts, 2000, p. 4). Another increasingly popular strategy for moving juveniles into the criminal courts is mandatory waiver. While presumptive waiver allows juveniles to rebut the presumption of nonamenability, mandatory waiver provides no such escape. If a juvenile meets the criteria for mandatory waiver, a juvenile court judge is left with no choice but to transfer jurisdiction. Other mechanisms have contributed even more to the deterioration of the juvenile justice system. One mechanism that has become widespread dur ing the 1980s and 1990 was statutory exclusion, known in some states as automatic transfer. Statutory exclusion laws mandate that some young offenders are transferred automatically to criminal court as soon as they are charged with certain offenses and judicial consent is unnecessary. Direct file, also known as concurrent jurisdiction or prosecutor discretion, is another increasingly prominent form of criminal court transfer. Direct file laws give prosecutors the discretion to prosecute juveniles either in juvenile or adult court. Louisiana gives prosecutors discretion to file criminal charges against any youth age 16 and older charged with a second drug felony, a second aggravated burglary, or virtually any of the Violent Crime Index offenses. The number of juveniles transferred by prosecutors has grown sharply. Florida prosecutors alone send more than 7,000 cases to criminal courts each year (Butts, 2000, p. 5). State sentencing trends indicate that punishment and accountability, in addition to rehabilitation, have become equally important in juvenile justice policy. As a result, many states have created blended sentencing structures for cases involving serious offenders (Siegel Welsh, 2009, p. 517). Blended sentencing policies were devised primarily to provide longer terms of incarceration for juveniles, but they also helped blur the distinction between juvenile justice and adult justice. Increasingly the variety of sentencing options may reduce the resistance of courts to handle very young offenders in the adult system since juveniles may not be subject to draw upon the traditionally resources available in the juvenile justice system without having to sacrifice the lengthy periods of incarceration once available only in the criminal court system (Butts, 2000, p. 5). Sentencing guidelines and mandatory minimum policies for juveniles also began to proliferate during the 1980s and 1990s. As of 1997, 17 states and the District of Columbia had enacted some typ e of mandatory minimum sentencing provisions for at least some juvenile offenders. Some jurisdictions applied sentencing guidelines to juveniles by first requiring that they be tried in criminal court, but others such as Arizona, Utah, and Wyoming enacted formal sentencing guidelines that applied to juvenile delinquency cases handled by juvenile court judges. The use of structured sentencing fundamentally contradicts the basic premise of juvenile justice by making sentence length proportional to the severity of an offense rather than basing court outcomes on the characteristics and life problems of offenders. As the popularity of these policies increases, it becomes very difficult to justify the continuation of a juvenile justice system that fails to provide complete due process protections for the youth it handles. Along with the rights of juveniles at adjudication and disposition, the issue of confidentiality in juvenile proceedings has also received attention in recent years. The debate on confidentiality in the juvenile court deals with two areas: (1) open versus closed hearings, and (2) privacy of juvenile records. Confidentiality has become moot in some respects, as many legislatures have broadened access to juvenile records (Siegel Welsh, 2009, p. 519). As juvenile justice policy became more contentious during the 1980s and 1990s, support for confidentiality protections began to erode. Practical issues such as jurisdiction information sharing and greater media interest in juvenile court proceedings began to win out over confidentiality. Finally, some states have even passed laws enabling juvenile court records to affect criminal court sentences. Enhancing criminal court sentences with juvenile court adjudications abrogates the agreement that allowed the juvenile court to exist in the first place. Adjudication in juvenile court begins to involve potentially serious jeopardy for youth. As of 1997, according to research by Joseph Sanborn, all 50 states an d the District of Columbia had enacted statutes or court rules allowing this practice or they had case law that sanctioned it. An example of this is Illinois and Indiana allow juvenile offense histories to serve as sufficient grounds for increasing sentence length or imposing consecutive sentences. Three states California, Louisiana, and Texas allow juvenile adjudications to serve as the first and second strikes against an adult offender. Thus an offender with two prior juvenile court adjudications could face life in prison for a first appearance in criminal court (Butts, 2000, p. 6). Evaluations of juvenile treatment programs provide scant support for their effectiveness (Whitehead and Lab 1989; Lab and Whitehead 1988). Empirical evaluations question both the efficacy of treatment programs and the scientific underpinnings of those who administer the enterprise. Although the general conclusion that nothing works in juvenile corrections has been persuasively refuted (Melton 1989), it has been strenuously resisted by those who contend that some types of programs may have positive effects on selected clients under certain conditions (Palmer) (Wiesheit Culbertson, 2000, p. 284). PROPOSED CHANGES FOR JUVENILE JUSTICE Advocates of youth may need to reconsider their position on the juvenile court, and instead of concerning themselves only with youth who still happen to be legal juveniles; they may want to shift their focus and work to ensure fair and timely justice for all youth even those processed in the juvenile court system. This could be accomplished from either side of the juvenile-criminal border, by making youth oriented improvements from within the criminal justice system, or by helping juvenile justice professionals to get involved in programs for young adult offenders. It may be even more effective if, however if the border no longer existed. Criminal courts are not as evil and juvenile courts are not as virtuous as some might suggest. The justice system as a whole might benefit if law makers, judges, and practitioners were able to stop fighting over the politically hobbled delinquency jurisdiction of the juvenile court. If delinquency laws were abolished and all offenders young and old were handled in an integrated criminal court system, youth advocates could begin to focus on ensuring the quality of the process used for all youth (Butts, 2000, p. 7). The question then becomes how do we get from here to there, and how can a new justice system that protects public safety and the rights of youth while ensuring that youthful offenders get every chance they deserve to mend their ways and rejoin society if possible? One way to begin this process is to take advantage of the growing diversity in specialized courts. It is assumed by the public at large that there are two types of courts and they are criminal or juvenile, consequently though any effort to increase the symbolic strength of juvenile crime policy necessarily favors making greater use of criminal courts. American courts however are very diverse as it is evidenced by innovative specialized courts such as drug courts, gun courts, and community-based courts which bring new ideas and a wider range of choices to the criminal justice system. Some of these new courts actually resemble the traditional juvenile court in their philosophy of human behavior, their approach to processing cases, and their efforts to monitor offender compliance with court orders by close judicial supervision (Butts, 2000, p. 8). For the past two decades, state and federal officials have been slowly dismantling the juvenile justice system without much thought as to what will replace it. The emergence of innovative specialized courts within the adult system presents an unprecedented opportunity to create a new youth justice system. Ideally, this new system would retain the best features of the juvenile court while gradually incorporating new ideas and procedures by specialized courts now spreading across the country. Eventually, each state could implement a wide assortment of court models and establish individualized intake procedures for routing young offenders to the most appropriate forum. Law makers may be able to think about abolishing the juvenile courts delinquency jurisdiction and improve the coherence of criminal justice policy for all youth, but most importantly, the juvenile court would not be an easy target for politicians who seek symbolic victories over crime (Butts, 2000, p. 8). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION In conclusion, the central issue is not whether young offenders are called delinquents; the real issue is what happens to them when they are arrested and appear in court. Questions that should be asked are: What process is used to determine their culpability? Who chooses the most appropriate response for each case? How quickly does the process occur, and does it ensure the safety of the public while guarding the rights of offenders? Is the process designed to maximize each persons changes of rejoining the law abiding community? The answers to these questions will only be possible when every community has an effective, understandable intake process, a fair and efficient system of fact finding and adjudication, and a diverse menu of services and sanctions that are suitable for a wide range of offenders. Maintaining the juvenile court and its separate delinquency jurisdiction may have once guaranteed this for young people, but the benefits are far less certain today. Because of the rece nt decreases in juvenile violence it should offer the nations policy makers an opportunity to introspectively reflect on how they have changed the juvenile court and what its future should be. It is also a good time to ponder and ask whether a separate system of juvenile justice is fact sustainable, either legally or politically, and if not, what can state and local officials do to design a new system to meet the needs of youth and their communities during the next century (Butts, 2000, p. 8).

The Patriot Act: Trampling on the Bill of Rights Essay -- US Constitut

Several weeks after the horrible terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act was rushed through Congress by Attorney General, John Ashcroft. This particular Act, however, was established with a ruling hand of fear. Life for Americans changed dramatically in those immediate days, weeks, and months after the attack. America had been spoiled with luxury for so long, that the illusion of control had ingrained itself into our very nature as Americans. That act of terror, on September 11, 2001, brought that belief crashing down, almost immediately. Fear and anger were rampant though out America; a dangerous combination when it comes to charging out a Congressional bill. The scariest parts of The USA PATRIOT ACT, in my opinion, are not just the arguably unconstitutional sections proposed in the Act, but the timing and expedition of legislation. To pro pose a bill that remained indifferent in regards to sacrificing civil liberties for the sake of enhanced security. The Bill was voted in with near unanimity, 98-1 in the Senate and 357-66 in the House of Representatives near after. Considering the margins of the votes, it makes one wonder if anyone in Congress even bothered to read the bill. Perhaps a good portion of our legislators were fearful to look unpatriotic, by objecting a radical bill dubbed The USA PATRIOT Act. As an old phrase goes, the nail that stands-out, gets hammered. The congressional legislative process is supposed to be deliberately slow; ensuring that what is proposed is in fact constitutional. One of the more serious issues with the USA PATRIOT Act, is the ambiguity of crucia... ...e of the United States. Congressional acts with the means to side-step The Bill of Rights should be amended to protect any rights in question, no matter the current state of affairs. Arguments such as this paper are a crucial means to formulating a variety of perspective. Regardless of a person’s stance on The USA PATRIOT Act, we must take a look back into our history, and make sure we are honoring those who sacrificed so much more than we, for the civil liberties we have been afforded. Americans cannot allow fear to dictate the policies of our country, and should never allow our Congress or President use a National tragedy to proper un-amended, controversial policies. This is the United States of America, we can do better. "Where the people fear the government you have tyranny. Where the government fears the people you have liberty." (John Basil Barnhill 1914)

Ed Rendell’s Philadelphia

It is very rare for a public official to be regarded as a hero let alone a saint.   With the height of the recession and the scrupulous events that paved its way to politicians fighting over the hunger of power, fame and wealth; Ed Rendell of Philadelphia proved that he is a force to be reckoned with.   Sure, there have been several autobiographies written over the advantage of the famous.But in this case, Buzz Bissinger, showcased not the glitz and the glamour of the politician but rather focusing on the urban world and how their leader, in the name of Mayor Rendell fought to save the sinking social and economic state of his jurisdiction (Bissinger, 1998).Philadelphia, as divided and as financially crippled in the face of the Western geographical affirm, reached a point where their means of living and the rising number of violence is headlined on the national paper.   Urban policies have long been issues in the government, to what extent shall the feds need to lend their hand on a certain area? Pulitzer Prize winner Bissinger researched and found interesting contexts on the trials and tribulations that the city underwent.Far more different than what those that hid in the buildings of the streets of New York or the tanning skins of those sitting pretty and well-financed in the beaches California.   Mayor Rendell was a leader in his own right and a philanthropist by heart.   He quotes David Cohen in the first chapter (Bissinger, 1998), â€Å"[h]ave I done the right thing here?†Ã¢â‚¬â€precisely the question most of those who served before Rendell served his tenure in office.First Term: The Meaningful ReformsMayor Rendell’s first term in office (1992-1996) can be coined in one term: challenge.   Given the fact that he was to inherit an already failed economy, it was quite expected that he would either save the city or worsen the situation.As any other cynical human being would produce, they already anticipated for the latter. Philadelphi a had an annual budget of $200,000 which in the light is expected to help its constituents that equals to 1.6 million. In a place clothed with bankruptcy and corruption, it was a near-death situation. It was like the urban poor society of the West and the chances of rising from the behemoth of doom were 10:90.So Ed Rendell looked for means to endow grant monies, reductions in federal layoffs and all other cost-cutting measures possible for his jurisdiction to survive.He lamented over the loss of jobs and the drastic increase of violence in every major event that transcribed.   He was to seek every help lent by those who are willing to shoulder their burden.   But he also had a humanistic side of him; he despised those who wrote provoking articles about his administration. He knew too well he only wanted what was best for his fellowmen—so he fought for his dignity alongside.The Characters’ AccountsA recovery plan was at hand.   Fifi Mazzcuza, famous for parenting the parentless, emphasized the dreadful reality of the place—drug dealings, theft, and all the other gang-related dilemmas that wrapped the city in its darkest. Linda Morrison for one has seen the painful reality of living in the suburbs—she witnessed in her naked eyes the bloodshed of those who are spiritually lost and in need of guidance. She has been assaulted by those whom she considered countrymen.And lastly, Jim Mangan, a typical Philly who suffered the torture of financial constraint. He wasn’t alone, there were many who had the same story as he does.   Finding a job in his time was like looking for a peck in a pile of sand, whilst the need to survive in the heavy rain that poured while they were painstakingly seeking. It was hard for them. And just when everything seemed to be hopeless, there was a spark of light. And their story continues.ReferenceBissinger, B. (1998). A Prayer for the City. New York, NY: Vintage.  

Free Essays on Joan Of ARC

Joan of Arc At a young age she began to hear â€Å"voices†- those of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. When she was about 16, the voices exhorted her to bear aid to the king to be. Joan won the aid of Robert de Baudricourt, captain of the king forces in Vaucouleurs in obtaining an interview with the dauphin. She made the journey in male attire with six companions. When she met the king to be she conquered his skepticism as to her divine mission. Theologians at Poitiers examined her, and afterward Charles furnished her with troops. Her leadership provided spirit more than military help. In May 1429, she succeeded in raising the siege of Orleans, and in June she took other English posts on to other places and defeated the English at Patay. After a lot of persuasion the dauphin agreed to be crowned at Reims. Joan stood near him at his coronation. In September 1429 Joan unsuccessfully overtook paris. The following spring she went to let Compiegne go, but she was captured by the Burgundians and sold to the English who were eager to destroy her influence by putting her to death. Charles VII made no attempt to secure her freedom. In order to escape responsibility, the English turned her over to the ecclesiastical court at Rouen. She was tried for heresy and witchcraft before Pierre Cauchon. Her most serious crime was the claim of direct inspiration from God. In the eyes of the court this refusal to accept the church hierarchy constituted heresy. Throughout the long trial and imprisonment she fought her enemies. Only at the end of the trial did she repent. She was condemned to life imprisonment. Shortly afterward she took back her apology and was turned over to the secular court as a heretic and was burned at the stake on May 30, 1431 in Rouen. Charles VII made late recognition of her services by a rehabilitation trial in 1456 that annulled the proceedings of the original trial. Joan was beatified in 1909 and canonized i... Free Essays on Joan of Arc Free Essays on Joan of Arc Two Page Monograph about Joan of Arc When Joan of Arc is mentioned as a person, most people think of her accomplishments as a woman. While it’s true that most women at the time of Joan of Arc enjoyed less freedom and important roles then of girls of today, much of her importance was not because of her acting out of her role. Her fame was because of her role at the end of the Hundred Years War and the crowning of Charles VII. Joan grew up in France and grew up through the war. She started hearing voices at the age of 13. She stated that they had only told her to attend church and pray more. After a year or two the started telling her she must help the future king of France be crowned. HE had to be crowned at Reims by tradition, but at the time the English controlled it. If Joan did not purse these voices, the English would crown Henry VI when he was old enough. Joan then left her parents without telling them, and convinced the King of her mission. She was given an army who started the siege of Orleans, the first step to getting to Reims. She conquered, won, and the King was crowned. Shortly after her success started going downhill. She was captured in a town Compiegne when the drawbridge was raised. Her army had closed the gates to hastily, and she was left outside. She was arrested and n tried by the English court. She was found guilty, and was sentenced to burn at the stake. She was not charged with being a warrior or a woman. In fact, it was not uncommon for some women to fight in battles. In the poorer villages women often fought alongside their husbands as a necessity. Often their jobs were pouring hot oil and ashes on the attackers. It was because she had told the courts that she could talk to God, that she was killed. She was found to be heretical which was against the laws to be anything but the Kings religion at that time. Her sentenced was carried out. A peasant girl, her death was not glorified or honored. Due to he... Free Essays on Joan of Arc Joan of Arc At a young age she began to hear â€Å"voices†- those of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. When she was about 16, the voices exhorted her to bear aid to the king to be. Joan won the aid of Robert de Baudricourt, captain of the king forces in Vaucouleurs in obtaining an interview with the dauphin. She made the journey in male attire with six companions. When she met the king to be she conquered his skepticism as to her divine mission. Theologians at Poitiers examined her, and afterward Charles furnished her with troops. Her leadership provided spirit more than military help. In May 1429, she succeeded in raising the siege of Orleans, and in June she took other English posts on to other places and defeated the English at Patay. After a lot of persuasion the dauphin agreed to be crowned at Reims. Joan stood near him at his coronation. In September 1429 Joan unsuccessfully overtook paris. The following spring she went to let Compiegne go, but she was captured by the Burgundians and sold to the English who were eager to destroy her influence by putting her to death. Charles VII made no attempt to secure her freedom. In order to escape responsibility, the English turned her over to the ecclesiastical court at Rouen. She was tried for heresy and witchcraft before Pierre Cauchon. Her most serious crime was the claim of direct inspiration from God. In the eyes of the court this refusal to accept the church hierarchy constituted heresy. Throughout the long trial and imprisonment she fought her enemies. Only at the end of the trial did she repent. She was condemned to life imprisonment. Shortly afterward she took back her apology and was turned over to the secular court as a heretic and was burned at the stake on May 30, 1431 in Rouen. Charles VII made late recognition of her services by a rehabilitation trial in 1456 that annulled the proceedings of the original trial. Joan was beatified in 1909 and canonized i... Free Essays on Joan Of ARC Joan of Arc Patriots, supporters of women’s rights, and even people who study the supernatural, admire Joan of Arc.(1world book) Not only is Joan admired by many, but she made significant contributions to history in three distinct areas: Joan ended the 100-year war between France and England, she showed the world that women could make a difference, and promoted the Catholic religion. First off, in the 15th century France was at a low point in its history, a war that seemed never ending between England, it was called the 100-year war. (2 Book) Joan of Arc, a simple peasant’s daughter, rose up against England, and helped France to overcome England’s claim to France’s throne. She claimed that she could hear voices telling her that she was the savior of France, and it was up to her to take up arms. Totally convinced that these voices were from God she joined the French army disguised as a man. She was sent by god to lead them to victory, she said. Just be sure you are right with God, attack, and victory will be yours. (3book) With this French knights fought behind this crazed woman. After considerable amounts of bloodshed, France reclaimed its title to the throne. Being the first woman ever to fight in the French army Joan of Arc proved that women could make a significant difference. Many may not believe this but Joan was one of the primary figures for women’s rights. Joan was very successful at taking command of an entire army and continuously leading them to victory. At first Joan disguised herself as a man, it was unheard of for a woman to fight in battle let alone be a commander of an army. She was injured during a battle and discovered to be a woman by the doctor examining her To his great surprise he found out his leader wasn’t a man but a courageous woman. From then on, people looked at Joan of Arc differently, but still trusted her with their lives. Finally Joan promoted the Catholic religion, w...

Women and Power essays

Women and Power essays In todays society women do not have a very prominent role as there male counterparts. It seems as if men are looked upon as born leaders who should hold power. They look strong and confident. People feel safe that males will lead them in a strong, protective way. Women are looked at very differently. People see them as weak in heart and afraid of doing things in a forceful manner. This has not been true though if we look back to the eras of Wu Zhao and Empress Irene. What does it mean when some one rules in a successful or effective manner? When a ruler runs his or her empire successfully it means that throughout his or her rein as king or queen everything ran smoothly. This means that no one would try to over throw him or her and that the people were happy. Effective is very different than successful. If a ruler is effective he or she understands what the people want. An effective ruler gives his or her people what they want and understands the needs of his or her people. Women do have a harder time with keeping power. They have to be extreme with their actions and do whatever it takes. We see this in Irenes and Wu Zhaos case. Wu was very extreme and deliberate in her actions. She was ruthless. She made sure that no one would stand in her way when it came down to her power. She would have people killed and tortured just to keep herself where she was. She would have her own family members tortured so that the power would never leave from her. Irene acted a little differently. She was very conniving. Irene was not always on top. She had to work if she wanted to be the leader. She would come up of plans and plots to overthrow and have family members poisoned just to be on top. These women wanted and needed the power and it seems through these readings that they would do anything in their power to keep it. I think the reigns of these two women were different. Wu Zhao ...

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Identify the major sources contributing to the changes in patterns of paid employment for women in Ireland in the 20th century 1900-2000 - Essay Example Women were not allowed to stand for parliament; only single women could hold property in their name. After marriage women were expected to hand over their property and even their wages to their husbands. Towards the late 19th century, feminist movement gathered pace and the participation of women in this movement increased. Two women, based in Dublin and Belfast led the initial movement in the 1860’s to change the law on women’s property rights. Unfortunately the membership of the Irish feminist movement belonged exclusively to the middle and the upper classes of society. The credit for true feminist movement to attract women from all classes of society goes to James Connolly. He emphasized that women should become involved in the social struggle and this was reflected in the Irish Citizen Army’s insistence on treating women on an equal footing with men (Hartnett). During the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, labor and trade union movements in Ireland were stronghold of male supremacy and women made little progress. The protectionist policies excluded women and the male was supposed to support the family without the need of his wife to engage in paid employment. The women’s suffrage movement encountered opposition from the labor activists who were satisfied with the 1884 Reforms Act which gave all powers to the man to run the family (Richardson, 2004). The suffragists recognized the need that women should also have the right to vote by getting the vote for women on the same terms as men. This suddenly led to the fear that middle and upper class women might get the vote before many working men did. Women were constantly harassed and subject to organized and random acts of violence. The trade union activists resented women workers and were reluctant to offer any practical help. This hostility towards women damaged t he entire working class. The women became a part

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To compose a proposal for research paper - Assignment Example Literature Review: In this research it will entail studying and analyzing previous studies conducted in a similar research topic and evaluation of the theses and hypotheses developed by the authors. Articles, books and other relevant documents to the research problem will be identified, located and analyzed to determine what has already been done thus stimulating new ideas and approaches. Further, literature review will not only provide suggested recommendation but also form a framework for interpreting research findings. I plan to conduct proposal paper with the methodology of action research strategy, which is usually conducted with the aim of solving an immediate problem, in this case, treatment of special needs children. Data will be collected systematically from sources of similar law requirements using the probabilistic method of systematic random sampling. Using this strategy, the information will be selected randomly and ranked in accordance with its applicability in this health law so that an appropriate mechanism to create the law will be developed (World report on disability 21). The selection of relevant information will be crucial in this research thereby researchers will be required to apply judgmental evaluation while observing ethical research procedures. The planned proposed paper’s variables relating to the health law addressing treatment of special needs children will undergo analysis through two procedures; conceptualization and operationalization. This technique ensures that the findings will not only be valid to the entire concept but also reliable. Variables that may affect achievement of sufficient measurement and analysis consist of extraneous variables given they may be easily overlooked by the researcher and cause errors in applicability of the law. This research will statistically minimize their effects by considering every angle while establishing relevant

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Does any IR theory present a convincing framework for understanding global governance Why or why not Discuss with reference to - Essay Example The first time that the concept of IR theory as an academic discipline can be traced back to the book ‘the Twenty Years Crisis’ which was published in 1939 and was written by E.H. Carr. The publication of this book, the occurrence of the First World War and the consequent complexities on the international sphere prompted the University of Wales, Aberystwyth to set up a department dedicated to this subject (Burchill, et al., 2005). With the passage of time, conceptual models evolved in an attempt to explain the complex nature of post World War II- world and currently, several theories are present that aim to explain international politics. We now come to the second part of the question which is global governance. The concept itself is an old one but it has re-emerged in recent years by the name of globalization. Global governance refers to interaction of political nature between transnational actors aimed at solving common issues and problems in the absence of a power of enforcement. These issues and problems may be solved by arrangements which may be formal in the form of laws, treaties and constitutions involving governments, IGOs, NGOs, MNCs and civil society or it may be informal in the form of guidelines or coalitions. ... Secondly, the benefits of globalization have to reach all levels of population so that global governance is sustainable. Thirdly, the difference between global governance and world government needs to be established. Global governance does not seek a central power for the system to work where as world government does. Global governance aims to take some power away from the state in order for global institutions to be strong, autonomous and effective. Only then can global economy, politics and culture be transparent. Global governance has several underlying themes such as a global economy, environmental concerns, democratic political legitimacy at all levels, conflict resolution, freedom of scientific, academic and communication modes and maintenance of peace and security. Successful examples have shown that this is only possible through effective interaction between state and non-state actors. While it has its own merits and demerits, global governance is a new chapter in world polit ics and it is worthy of being explained by at least one of the established IR theories. Of the several IR theories that are present, three will be discussed in an attempt to explain global governance in this piece of literature. They are realism, constructivism and liberalism. Realism is one of the pioneer theories of the discipline of international relations. It consists of three main components namely statism, survival and self-help. Statism refers to the belief that only state actors play a major role in world politics and all the rest of the functional elements of a political system are merely pawns. Survival refers to the belief that there the international system is based upon anarchy or

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The Triumph of Science Over Religion In the West Essay By the sixteenth century, the Western experience with religion had turned bitter. The Catholic Reformation, also referred to as a Counter Reformation, was a response to the great Protestant Reformation in Europe during this period of time. There were two elements of the Catholic Reformation. First of all, Catholics were being called for a renewal of piety and of virtue in the form of renewed commitments to prayer as well as mysticism. This component of the Reformation was particularly evident in the clerical orders. The ordinary folks had nothing whatsoever to do with this component of the Reformation, seeing that even the clerical orders were not looked upon as worthy guides. Secondly, the Church was being asked to reform in order to deal with unparalleled as well as swift changes in society, and abuses that accompanied those changes. There was turbulence witnessed in the societal structure, and one of the reasons why it was necessary to initiate the Catholic Reformation was that the humanists had revived classical pagan philosophy in the fifteenth century, using the new miracle of printing to shift the attention of society from the after life to the present. At the same time as the classical pagan philosophy was being circulated, the Church was going through a period of decline with a desiccation of scholastic thinking. Internal abuses at the Church were also well-known, and these involved simony, the sale of indulges, multiple benefices, and much more. The Church could not be trusted as much as it was meant to be. As a matter of fact, the condition of religion in the sixteenth century was characterized by turmoil. King Henry VIII of England created the Church of England in the year 1533 A.D. by splitting from the Roman Catholic Church. Around the same time, the French Wars of Religion were waged between the Catholics and the Huguenots in France. How much confusion such chaos would have given birth to in the minds of Western Christians with respect to their religion could only be imagined. Christianity was, after all, supposed to be a religion of peace and unconditional love. The Western religion around 1500 A.D. was chiefly Christian, and the sixteenth century has been described as â€Å"probably the most intolerant period in Christian history.† It was not the scientists that were killed during this time because they came up with new ideas. Rather, in the sixteenth century, there were thousands of people that were killed because they were called heretics. Michael Servetus was only one such individual. He was burned in 1553 A.D., alive, on the order of John Calvin in addition to the city authorities, because he had made theological speculations that Calvin was sure were falsehoods. To put it another way, the religious authorities of the time would not allow people even to deviate in their thinking with respect to religion. Christians of the West were required to think of Christianity in the way that the religious authorities felt was appropriate. Critical thinking or questioning was not allowed by any means. What is more, the religious authorities themselves were known to be corrupt enough for places of worship to be closed down. Lindsay Clarke reports: In January, 1535, the newly appointed Vicar-General of the English Church, Thomas Cromwell, sent out his agents to conduct a commission of enquiry into the character and value of all ecclesiastical property in the kingdom. Overtly, they were reformers, exercising the new powers accorded to the Crown by the Act of Supremacy: from time to time to visit, repress, redress, reform, order, correct, restrain and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offences, contempts and enormities . . . which ought or may be lawfully reformed. But Dr. Richard Layton, Dr. Thomas Legh, Dr. John London, and the other tough-minded and venal officials chosen for the job had no doubt what the Crown expected of them. It took them only six months to submit for Cromwells scrutiny an accurate and detailed tax-book, the Valor Ecclesiasticus. Along with it came evidence of corruption and scandalous immorality in Englands monasteries. Such evidence was not hard to find, for by the 16th century many of the religious houses had long since lost their sense of purpose. The religious turbulence of the sixteenth century was continued into the seventeenth century. The government of England had become known for its harassment of Catholics as well as Jesuits. On 20 May 1604, certain religious men began to plot the destruction of the government after having heard Mass. A priest knew of this plotting, and was made to pay the price of this knowledge later on. And yet, the religious authorities of the Near and Far East were not facing religious turmoil around this time. Nor were the people of the advanced civilizations of the Near and Far East being confronted with religious confusion. Furthermore, scientists of the Near East were especially involved with their work during the sixteenth century, as for a number of centuries before. The Ottoman astronomer, Taqi al-Din, created astronomical tables in the sixteenth century. These tables were considered as accurate as the ones made by Tycho Brahe in Denmark during the same period of time. All the same, the Ottomans are known to have ceased their support for scientific innovations and research a century later, as their priorities took a shift. The West, however, continued scientific explorations even after the sixteenth century. The East had maintained its religions. It was only the West that had showed immense intolerance toward different religious beliefs and practices, even with respect to its own faith. Whereas religious authorities stopped Westerners from thinking and reasoning, science opened up a new world to the ordinary people. They were not called heretics because of their new scientific ideas. Rather, people who came up with new scientific ideas were in the company of many others who came up with great new ideas in the scientific arena. Giordano Bruno, Girolamo Cardano, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, William Gilbert, Johannes Kepler, Paracelsus, John Napier, and Andreas Vesalius are only few of the important Western scientists of the sixteenth century. Besides, this century saw the birthing of Copernicus’ theory, the import of new plant species from the Americas into Europe, and new inventions that revolutionized manufacturing and other features of living. The wheel-lock musket, the helicopter, the spinning wheel, the pocket watch, the diving bell, the seed drill, the camera obscura, the knitting machine, the compound microscope, the Gregorian Calendar, and the enameling of pottery were all brought into the world in the sixteenth century. So, while religion disappointed people, science brought renewed hope of existence through new products and discoveries. No scientist could be killed in the name of science. Hence, science was safely meant to stay on in the West despite the good or bad luck of religion. Bibliography 1. Clark, Lindsay. â€Å"The Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th Century.† Available from http://www.historynet.com/. Internet; accessed 31 March 2007. 2. Hogge, Alice. God’s Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth’s Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2005. 3. MacroHistory. â€Å"How the Idea of Religious Tolerance Came to the West.† Available from http://www.fsmitha.com/review/index.html. Internet; accessed 31 March 2007. 4. Lewis, Jone Johnson. Women Saints: Doctors of the Church. London: Penguin, 1998. 5. Magic Dragon Multimedia. â€Å"Timeline 16th Century.† Available from http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline16.html. Internet; accessed 31 March 2007. 6. Olin, John. Catholic Reformation: From Cardinal Ximenes to the Council of Trent, 1495-1563. New York: Fordham University Press, 1990. 7. Pollen, J. H. â€Å"The Counter Reformation.† The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: K. Knight, 2004.