How to Order Greeting Cards From the White House

Step by step instructions to Order Greeting Cards From the White House The White House Greetings Office will send welcoming cards marked by the President of the United States to recognize unique occasions, achievements or achievements gratis to U.S. residents. While the presence and essential capacity of the White House Greetings Office have remained to a great extent unaltered throughout the years, each newâ presidential organization may manage welcoming solicitations in an unexpected way. Be that as it may, the fundamental rules are once in a while changed.â To demand a welcome card from the President, simply follow these rules from the White House Greetings Office. Trump Administration As a component of the 2017 presidential progress, the White House site group has in any event briefly evacuated pages referencing the White House Greetings Office, including the internet welcoming card demand structure and directions. Should the Donald Trump organization reestablish the online solicitation work, the subtleties will be posted here.â â Then again, welcoming cards marked by the President can be mentioned through the workplaces all U.S. Agents and Senators. For subtleties, either contact their workplaces or allude to the â€Å"Constituent Services† segment of their sites. The most effective method to Submit Requests There are as of now twoâ ways to demand a presidential welcome: Solicitations might be submitted through the Constituent Services capacity of one of the U.S. Congresspersons or U.S. Agents from your state.Requests can likewise be sent, at any rate a month and a half ahead of time of the occasion to: White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20500. Rules for Submitting Requests U.S. Residents Only: The White House will send welcome to United States residents just, for unique events as illustrated beneath. Advance activity required: Your solicitation ought to be gotten at any rate six a month and a half ahead of time of the occasion date. (Welcome are commonly not sent after the occasion date, with the exception of wedding congrats and infant affirmations.) Commemoration welcome: Anniversary welcome will be sent to couples who are praising a 50th, 60th, 70th or later wedding commemoration. Birthday welcome: Birthday welcome will be sent distinctly to individuals turning 80 or more seasoned or veterans turning 70 or more established. Different welcome: A set number of exceptional events other than birthday events and commemorations exist for which the Greetings Office will send fitting acknowledgment to United States residents. These events incorporate significant life occasions, for example, Wedding (Do notâ send your solicitation until after the wedding.)Babys birth or selection of a childRetirement after at any rate 30 years on the equivalent jobEagle Scout AwardGirl Scout Gold AwardBar/Bat Mitzvah or proportional strict event Required data: Please remember the accompanying for your solicitation. Name and place of residence of honoree(s)Form of address (Mr., Ms., Mrs., Dr., Miss, etc.)Exact date of event (month, day, year)Age (birthday events) or number of long stretches of marriageYour (the requestors) name and daytime telephone numberAny explicit mailing guidelines if other than to honorees addressWedding (Include couples wedded names and current or new location) To what extent Will it Take? Commonly, marked welcome cards ought to show up inside sixâ weeks subsequent to being mentioned. The White House Office necessitates that solicitations be made at any rate a month and a half before the date of the occasion to be honored. Be that as it may, genuine conveyance times can change extraordinarily and solicitations ought to consistently be submitted as far ahead of time as could be expected under the circumstances. For instance, at one point during the main term of the Obama organization, the Greetings Office reported it was â€Å"swamped† with demands and expressed that it could take â€Å"several months† for solicitations to arrive at the Greetings Office and be sent out. Along these lines, in all cases and regardless of whos in the White House, the best exhortation is to prepare and arrange early.

Health economics, market structures, government interventions Assignment

Wellbeing financial aspects, showcase structures, government intercessions - Assignment Example MONOPOLISTIC: Share the component of imposing business model and immaculate rivalry. Comparable reason items are separated by numerous organizations working in showcase. Low section and leave boundaries invites new members with high benefits in short run. Members gain benefits different advancements in items. OLIGOPOLY: Market depends on hardly any predominant firms offering comparative yet significant level of separated items with advancement. Firms with strength make obstruction to section exist with broad authority over cost. In spite of control of firms, costs are subject to peer firms’ choice in advertise. Restraining infrastructure: Only one firm gives merchandise and ventures. Least separated item however command over cost is appreciated by the firm. Industry has elevated level of hindrance to enter and exit from advertise. Benefits are appreciated by firm with continually expanding economies of scale. ANSWER #2 The monopolistic rivalry is a kind of rivalry that offer h ighlights of two outrageous sorts of rivalry being flawless rivalry and restraining infrastructure. Numerous organizations are available like immaculate rivalry while items are separated like imposing business model type of market structures, for example, motion pictures and so on. In short show monopolistic industry gets appealing to offering positive benefits to member firms and new firms enter to the market in since quite a while ago run. It is likewise due to due to no to low hindrance of passage and exit in the market like flawless rivalry. Costs keep on expanding over minor expense in comparable design as in the event of restraining infrastructure rivalry. Benefit augmentation in monopolistically serious market requires peripheral income to compare minor expense while descending slant of the interest bend takes negligible income lower than cost. Likewise passage of new firm outcomes in expanded gracefully of separated items bringing about move in the interest bend. Sharing the element of immaculate rivalry, cost is resolved at guide equivalent toward normal all out expense. This cost is comparative point where request bend is digression to average all out expense. Now industry offers zero monetary benefits and thus doesn't draw in new members because of zero financial benefits (Gartner, 2009). ANSWER #3 Public merchandise are characterized as set of products having following two particular qualities of non-excludability and non-rival utilization. Non-excludability include alludes to the way that utilization or advantage of open merchandise picked up by specific people groups doesn't bring about anticipation of its advantages offered to other people. Non-rival utilization highlights of open merchandise allude that independent of utilization of open products by specific individuals accessibility of sum or level helpful for others isn't decreased. These element differentiate open products from the private merchandise. The case of open products incorporates administrations of catastrophe the board cells oversaw by government, streets and road lights and so forth. The element of non-excludability brings about assistance of items to all even the individuals who bear no money related expense. All money related cost bearers and non-bearers appreciate equivalent advantage of open merchandise regardless of tastes and inclinations and reducing esteem. Such assistance brings about free-riders issue in economy. Individuals picks up certainty of accessibility of the products even without paying for and subsequently will in general embrace pattern of not paying for such administrations. This pattern presses the expanded weight on payer of such offices. Such highlights of publi

Introduction to E-Commerce Free Samples â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1. Decide if it is in the introduction stage, connection stage, online business stage or e-business stage. Give motivations to your answer. 2. Give an estimation of the equipment and programming necessities of the present site. 3.Analyse the present site and figure an E-Commerce usage technique to present to the proprietor of the site. Web based business usage system should consider all the administrations of the site. 4. Give an estimation of the equipment and programming prerequisites of the proposed E-Commerce site you proposed in Question 3. Answers: Official Summary Dark Teak Technologies is a product organization which is arranged in Melbourne, Australia. It offers different sorts of IT bolsters and is known for business answers for organizations of various areas. The organization has a site which offers an a lot of administrations to its client. The current site is being checked and explored through appraisal. The positive and the negative parts of the site of the organization are appeared. It is likewise observed that specific necessities of the site are met or not. A superior alternative for a site for site is likewise recorded in the appraisal after legitimate examination of the site. Presentation The principle point of this report is to break down the site of Gray Teak Technologies, which is a product improvement organization arranged in Melbourne, Australia. The organization is known for giving custom innovation answers for a few organizations, business visionaries and people as well. The administrations gave by the organization incorporate site backend advancement and Systems improvement to Enterprise programming frameworks plan and advancement. There is a progression of administrations gave by the organization and they are as per the following:- (I) Enterprise Software Development (ii) Applications Systems Management (iii) Advanced Website Development (iii) System Designs Development (iv) Business Process Improvement (v) Website Maintenance Services The report likewise means to decide and talk about fundamental highlights of companys site. The examination presents the positive and negative parts of site and give proposal E-trade execution. Diagram and portrayal of the site The critical highlights of the webpage incorporates the terms and states of the site which are only under the administration of the laws of the State of Victoria. The material substance of this site including association, sound, video, arrangement, interpretation, advanced transformation and so on is ensured by the copyright laws of Australia. The replicating of the substance, its redistribution, distribution, or any such sort of work is carefully denied. The obligation of the site is confined to the blunders event during shipment and conveyance (Greyteak.com, 2016). The site gives support administrations to the organizations, business visionaries just as licensee people. The site is referred to for its administrations just as support administrations to the customers. It incorporates enhancement of web indexes, refreshing of the current pages of the destinations, expulsion of the dead connections, ceaseless checking of the locales, NET server mastery and so on (Fergerson, 2012). As I would like to think, the site is in the online business phase of the turn of events. The explanation is that the web has become the monetary heredity of the webpage in the present circumstance. It offices correspondence with the customers, yet additionally the deal and acquisition of the products and ventures is done through the site framework. Web helps in the technique of item redemption and during the time spent dispersion too. Thusly, it is in its web based business phase of advancement anyway it will before long enter in the e-business stage (Aw-bc.com, 2002). Principle highlight or highlights of the site Estimation of equipment and programming necessities of the present site: Equipment necessities; Double processors quicker than 2.5 GHz. Smash ought to be 2-4 GB The circle ought to have at least 3 GB of free space in NTFS document design. It should enough free space for information stockpiling. Needs a DVD drive or requires a source which is put away in a nearby drive or drive associated with the system. Screen having goals of 1024 X at least 768 than that. The association of the system ought to be quicker than 56 Kbps among servers and customers. The association between the PCs at server level ought to be 1 Gbps. Necessities for programming; Working framework: Windows Server 2003, Web Edition. The product requires Internet Explorer 6 program with refreshed assistance packs, for example, Internet Explorer 8, or 9. After the establishment of the working framework and applying of the considerable number of updates, the PC gadget which has a web server designed and it would require IIS 6.0 which incorporates documents, for example, WWW, and SMTP. Other than these particulars, a space name is an absolute necessity for an online business site following a devoted or a virtual private server as indicated by the foot fall of the site. Parts of the site: positive and negative Organizations are making it obligatory that the buy orders are gotten by the providers of the organization and they answer solicitations through electronic intends to reduce costs and keep up itself in the serious market. There are a few difficulties which sway a great deal on a few associations and businesses.(Yasin et al., 2006) The Gray Teak is a product improvement organization; consequently, it requires certain internet business execution techniques for building up their business in the web based business division. Execution Strategies in setting with the administrations gave by the site; (I) Strategic clients and providers ought to be reached and the procedures ought to be examined with them. Survey ought to be readied in regards to the sort of exchanges and ought to be solicited what type from exchanges they favor the most. The conversation ought to be done on the quarterly audits with the clients and the providers (Fruhling Digman, 2000). (ii) Find approaches to join and take an interest in the associations engaged with web based business and related organizations. (iii) Proper assessment of the deal and buy instruments of the site ought to be done and a reasonable Service Level Agreement (SLA) ought to likewise be set up for the re-appropriating arrangements (Chen et al., 2013). (iv) The usage ought to be straightforward and legitimate sequencing and need ought to be given to the exchanges to be actualized. To catch the data required for the in-contract exchanges, the request ought to be followed cautiously. The base customization ought to be never really site. The decrease of mistakes is likewise useful to the web based business. (v) There ought to be an undertaking group and staffing investigation ought to be performed and correspondences plans ought to be made by talking about with the venture group. The group should comprise of; Executive of Order Management who must guarantee the best possible documentation of the business necessities, handle mistake systems and review forms after the usage of the venture. Request Management Analyst who is equipped for comprehension and depicting the procedure stream. He likewise has the obligation to clarify new procedures too. Web based business expert who can exhort the best strategic policies and gives help with arrangement and combination of ERP framework. Has an ERP software engineer who deals with making changes in the ERP framework as per the necessity. (vi) Intellectual and all around created details for the exchanging accomplices or guidelines can drastically lessen the time in testing and it forestalls misinterpretations moreover. On the off chance that web based business instruments can't be managed, a record ought to be set up for the clients or providers. (vii) To keep away from the outcomes of the new execution, an expert ought to likewise be recruited having a specialization in the zone. To guarantee an asset if there should arise an occurrence of new turn of events or specialized concerns, the support understanding ought to be marked with the counseling organization. The administrations gave by the site ought to follow these online business usage procedures for the better administrations. The site improvement administrations of the site and the framework structure and advancement and such different administrations can utilize these executions for their turn of events (Botha et al., 2008). In this manner, web based business is a basic arranged instrument for drawing nearer to the clients, providers, appropriation focuses and so forth. The best possible mix of innovation and superb strategic policies ensures legitimate development of the business through smoothing out tasks and robotizing strategies. Prerequisites for the better site Estimation of equipment and programming prerequisites for proposed online business site: Equipment prerequisites 2-4 GHz double center CPU 4 GB RAM or more. The circle ought to have at least 3 GB of free space in NTFS document group. It should enough free space for information stockpiling. Requires a DVD drive or the source ought to have its area in arrange available drive Screen with goals of 1024 X at least 768 The association among customer and server ought to be at any rate 56 kbps, 1 Gbps between servers. Programming necessity The proposed site must be good to and deal with; Java Runtime Environments-Oracle JRE 1.8, Oracle JRE 1.7.0, IBM JVM variant 1.7 Working Systems-Windows 8.1, Ubuntu Server 14.04 Application Servers-IBM Websphere 8, Eclipse Jetty 9 Database Servers-Oracle Database 11g, Microsoft SQL Server 2014 (Galorath Evans, 2006) Other than these determinations, an area name is an unquestionable requirement for a web based business site following a devoted or a virtual private server as indicated by the foot fall and the substance of the site. References Aw-bc.com, 2002. What Is Electronic Commerce? Botha, J., Bothma, C.H. Geldenhuys, P., 2008. Overseeing E-trade in Business. In Electronic trade. Juta and Company Ltd. pp.1-8. Chen, Y., Ruikar, K.D. Carrillo, P.M., 2013. Vital E-Business Framework: A Holistic Approach For Organizations In The Construction Industry. Diary of

Notes on Skinners behavioural theory Free Essays

Operant condition is the state of reactions Parents have since quite a while ago realized that youngsters react to an arrangement of remunerations and disciplines. While to state this is a rearrangements of the speculations of acclaimed American behaviorist B. F. We will compose a custom exposition test on Notes on Skinners conduct hypothesis or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Skinner would be putting it mildly, it is precisely unmistakable of the most essential part of his convictions. Operant conduct and operant molding, Skinner’s most generally acclaimed work, depends on an arrangement of both positive and negative fortification. While it is regularly realized that conduct is influenced by its results, Skinner’s heory of operant molding further expresses that the procedure doesn't require rehashed endeavors, however is rather a prompt response to a natural upgrade. Uplifting feedback †Beginnings of the Rat Food Experiment In an investigation with a rodent utilizing food as a prize: The rodent was set in a container Over the course of a couple of days, food was once in a while conveyed through a programmed distributor Before long, the rodent moved toward the food plate when the sound of the allocator was heard, unmistakably foreseeing the appearance of more food The Rat Experiment and Negative Reinforcement Skinner again tried different things with rodents to show how negative fortification can likewise fortify conduct. Skinner set the rodent inside the container and a sent electric flow into the case, as the rodent moved around the crate it would thump the switch unintentionally and the electric flow would stop. The rodents before long discovered that when they were put in the crate to go directly to the switch to kill the electric flow. Realizing they could get away from the electric flow made the rodents over and over go to the switch. Not exclusively were the rodents instructed to stop the electric flow yet in addition to stay away from it totally. The establishments of youngster improvement †John Oates Chapter 1 pt3 Behaviorism has greatly affected instruction, mostly in light of the fact that it focuses on the significance of the outside world and advancement, and there for gives reason for accepting that children’s learning and conduct can be colossally impacted by their teachers’ use ot the correct techniques . Behaviorist speculations consider human to be as machines, responding in an anticipated method to incitement from outside them. s evelopment advances individuals amass information yet there is no significant change in the structure of their brains. †How Does All This Relate to Children? One of the perspectives essential to human conduct, however, is the sentiments related with conduct that is constrained by molding. At the point when past practices have been compensated, kids are probably going to rehash those practices cheerfully and enthusiastically, feeling that they are doing what they ‘want’ to do. On the off chance that, then again, kids pick practices so as to stay away from a rehash of negative fortification, they ay carry on suitably, however will be slanted to feel that their opportunities are being smothered. In actuality, the real opportunity despite everything exists, obviously. Youngsters, similar to all of us, are allowed to carry on in any way that they pick, as long as they are happy to acknowledge the outcomes of their activities. Connection PavloVs Dog †Stimulus molding Pavlov indicated the presence of the unconditioned reaction by giving a canine a bowl of food and the estimating its salivary emissions. In any case, when Pavlov iscovered that any article or occasion which the pooches figured out how to connect with food, (for example, the lab colleague) would trigger a similar reaction, he understood that he had made a significant logical disclosure, and he committed the remainder of his vocation to examining this kind of learning. In his analysis, Pavlov utilized a ringer as his nonpartisan improvement. At whatever point he offered food to his pooches, he additionally rang a bell. After various rehashes of this methodology, he gave the ringer a shot its own. As you would anticipate the chime now, all alone, caused an expansion in salivation. Instructions to refer to Notes on Skinners conduct hypothesis, Papers

Is the human security agenda influenced by nationalist political Essay

Is the human security plan affected by patriot political belief systems dependent on dread Discuss comparable to Burma - Essay Example Taking into account this foundation, and notwithstanding the immense group of work which concentrated on the issues of human security, this examination rotates around comparable issues, on a very basic level endeavoring to continue the speculation, regardless of whether the human security plan in Burma, is impacted by patriot political belief systems dependent on dread. All the while, different perspectives concerning the issue of human security according to Burma are examined, including, a profound established investigation of the diligent viciousness in the war torn nation; the key purposes for such conflicts; the job of patriot political philosophies in fuelling such tireless antagonistic vibe just as the issues and concerns with respect to human security. Human Security, as indicated by UNDP and World Bank (2004), signifies opportunity from unavoidable dangers to people groups rights, wellbeing or lives; grasps the twin targets of opportunity from dread (alluding to financial, wellbeing, natural and different dangers to people groups well being).1 The issue of human security is a blossoming worldview for fathoming global susceptibilities whose promoters challenge the traditional perspective on national security by battling that the fitting tribute for security ought to be the person instead of the state. The philosophy behind human security suggests that a people-focused standpoint of security is urgent for guaranteeing national, local and worldwide soundness. The idea basically appeared from a post-Cold War, multi-correctional perception of security concerning a large group of research territories, for example, formative examinations, worldwide human relations, strategic investigations, just as human rights. The across the board use of animosity, threatening vibe, authorized work, constrained enlistment of kids and constrained movement, recognized in huge number of studies, led by different philanthropic associations,

Compare Microsoft and VMWare for virtual computing Essay Example for Free

Look at Microsoft and VMWare for virtual processing Essay There are two sorts of firewalls, there is the in-bound firewall that ensures against everything that come into your PC. At that point there is the two-way firewall. With this firewall it ensures both inbound and outbound dangers. This sort is utilized frequently nowadays. Numerous PC just have a single direction firewall, however a considerable lot of them like Zone alert are two way firewalls. Firewalls are utilized to square or acknowledge data into your PC that isn't a danger. It will either send it to where it should be or it will square it if the capability of the document is threatening to your gadget. A kind of firewall is your fundamental McAfee, which works with Microsoft Corporation on your essential PC it is a program that is now introduced into your gadget. It is an infection defender that works with your PCs previously introduced firewall to keep out and potential hurtful infections or dangers to your PC. You can do essential setting for the firewall or you can put it exactly as you would prefer to ensure no kind of dangers can enter your PC. With the security of a PC it can get very muddling. You need to ensure you know about what you are utilizing and how it works in your framework. In today’s society there are a million enemy of infection programming programs. Huge numbers of them have free forms and some simply have trail adaptations you can test drive before purchasing the full form. McAfee and Norton have trail adaptations you can test before getting the full form. With Panda, AVG, and other enemy of infection programs they have a free form and full redesigned variant you can utilize. With regards to infections and the sorts that get put onto your PC there are a large number of them. For instance: the Trojan Horse, it is placed into your PC by saying it is useful for document changing over or clearing a framework out, when it is truly placing terrible projects into your PC alongside spyware and other conceivably unsafe projects. Much the same as when you go into your email and you see an email with a dubious name, you click it and it naturally downloads something into your PC and you PCs begins to glitch. At the point when it does this it is on the grounds that the documents that were put on your PC are fundamentally gobbling up you memory. It is critical to keep your PCs malware and hostile to infection programs cutting-edge to forestall any kind of program getting into your framework. At the point when you back up a framework you have various kinds of reinforcements you can utilize. For occasions you have your full back up which is the place you can back up the entirety of your data onto a DVD-R or DVD-RW, so you can recoup your framework sometime in the not too distant future is it crashes or is lost. You ought to likewise take a gander at your back up plates occasionally to ensure they are in acceptable structure if necessary to be utilized. You likewise have your respectful back up is the place you can choose certain things to back up and steady back up is the place your PC sets up a specific time after you have put such a great amount into your framework to back it up for sometime in the future if necessary. Returning up plates are critical to check too to ensure that they can be utilized on what's to come. Additionally it is extremely critical to consume your records to a plate not on your hard drive in the event that they are lost or harmed. Five passwords that are acceptable to use in the method for recalling and utilizing are, â€Å"Bab1eg1r!†, â€Å"Crazy8ight$†, â€Å"GoP!a1†, or â€Å"Playf00!† They can be utilized to help secure your passwords by supplanting a letter by a number and promoting a portion of different letters that you decide to use, alongside utilizing images or some likeness thereof. Another method for utilizing passwords is utilizing film titles and shorting them to recall for example, the day I left your mom to make our affection more grounded could be abbreviated by utilizing the main letters of each word this way, â€Å"Tdilymtmols.† Also I can check the manners in which I love you, â€Å"Icctwily.† Many occasions the world went around, â€Å"mttwwa†. Nectar I contracted the kids,†Histk†. I love the manner in which you love me, â€Å"iltwylm.† Many of my passwords were solid in the part of how I kept in touch with them. Passwords are significant and they have a decent use to them. To keep individuals out of your framework and ensure you data just as character you truly need to pick astutely and cautiously on what ones you use.

Symbolism, Themes, and Metaphors in Moby Dick by Herman Melville - Free Essay Example

The novel Moby Dick written by Herman Melville is very ambiguous and is full of symbolism, themes, and metaphors. The characters of the book resonate from the Bible and the novel begins with a Biblical quote from the book of Job. Moby Dick explains the relationship between human beings and others, the value of life, and a whaling lore. The novel is told by Ishmael who divulges of a journey on the Pequod ship with Captain Ahab. Captain Ahab is the main protagonist of the story and is pursuing a whale; Moby Dick. Ishmael is on the quest to find the real meaning of life and thus follows life at sea. The whale, Moby Dick a great deal of chaos among the ship and is chased by several other ships when he is seen. Moby Dick is a novel that is rich in ironic themes. The purpose of this paper is to analyze some of the themes and characters from this novel. Defiance is a theme that can be found pervasively in Moby Dick. Father Mapple, a former whale man and current preacher, prepares the reader to consider the theme of defiance through his sermon derived from Jonah and the Whale in Chapter 9. Jonah was called on by God to preach in Nineveh. Instead, he attempts to run away to another country where God does not rule. As Jonah tries to escape, his punishments become harsher and harsher. It later occurs to Jonah that God is everywhere. When Jonah is swallowed by a whale, he prays to God in its belly. He submits to preaching in Nineveh and only then does God bring Jonah to safety. Jonah later comes to learn that for one to follow God, one must lay aside their vanity and wishes to follow the will of God. Father Mapple states that for one to obey God, he should first disobey himself. The telling of Jonahs preaching is parallel to Ishmaels eventual whaling story where he is the lone survivor of the Pequods ship. Captain Ahab is an ungodly man who shows defiance by fighting against Gods will and the rules of nature. After Starbucks suggested that it was blasphemous to seek revenge on Moby Dick for attacking him, Ahab states that he would even hit the sun if it insulted him, further illustrating his egotistic character. He wears his defiance proudly and does not worship or acknowledge any superior forces. The whale, Moby Dick is used symbolically to represent the regime that Ahab is fighting against. The leadership and experiences of Father Mapple implies that God himself is the pilot of the ships, further suggesting that the White Whale may be God in disguise. Ahab thinks of himself as equal to God and is obsessed with getting more recognition than he deserves. However, by defying God and its superior power, Ahab condemns himself to death. Contrary to the theme of defiance, the theme of friendship is also prevalent in Moby Dick. This theme can be found through the friendship of Ishmael and Queequeg. Although the two are different in culture, religious tradition, and race, they manage to be unlikely friends. The author uses words such as Christian/Heathen, savage/civilized and Black/White to further illustrate the differences between the two characters. As time goes by, the two become close and accept that diversity has its own positive possibilities. Queequeg and Ishmael continue to grow as they embrace change. They both recognize that by appreciating the similarities and differences of other cultures, they can learn a lot from each other. Furthermore, their respect for each others differences can be found when Queequeg attends services at Whalemans Chapel, even though he is not a Christian. Later in the story, Ishmael offers a sacrifice to Yojo, Queequegs idol and they both bond through sharing a tobacco pipe. This comradeship is again experienced by the crew of the ship. Ishmael insinuates comradeship by working with the other mates. Stubb is among the exception of friendship on the ship. His role with Fleece, who is a black cook is intended to create humor but comes across as more of a lack of brotherhood. Ahab again, does not have an interest in friendship but fortunately comes across Pip who starts to get close to him. The friendship of Ishmael and Queequeg is later proven to be beneficial to Ishmael, as Queequeg indirectly saves his life through his coffin that floats on the surface of the water after the Pequod sinks. This provides Ishmael with a life buoy until the Rachel comes to his rescue. The actions of the novel take place in a ship, therefore, the theme of duty is paramount. Father Mapple has a duty to God as a shepherd of peoples hearts. After Ahabs first disagreement with Starbuck concerning the mission of the ship, the crew regards Ahab as their overall leader. Later on during the voyage, the two confront each other again regarding the duties of the ship. Starbuck is a loyal servant to his authorities. He believes he has a duty to God, his employer, and to the captain of the ship. When Starbuck notices that oil is leaking from the barrels of the ship, he informs Ahab. Although it is expected that the captain of the ship stop the ship and concentrate on the safety of the whale oil, Ahab does not care about anything except his pursuit of Moby Dick. Ahabs only duty is to himself and his mission. Starbuck reminds the captain of the interests of the owner and their duties, but Ahab does not care. He believes he can follow his own goals by defying everything that comes across his path. Ahab points a firearm towards the firstmate and declares that the Pequod has only one captain. Although Starbuck has an opportunity to kill Ahab, he is overcome with his obligations towards God and his own family. His values lead him to reconsider taking Ahabs life and to serve him instead. Starbuck feels that he has a duty towards himself, God, and to common decency. Obsession is another theme that is found present in Moby Dick. Ahabs obsession to kill Moby Dick can be seen countless times throughout the novel. Ahabs characteristics, his preparation and determination, and the prospect of revenge on Moby Dick is what leads to the eventual demise of Ahab. Ahabs perspective of the White Whale as a mysterious force of evil, further drives Ahabs obsession to conquer this evil by destroying the physical being of the whale. Ahab believes that by killing Moby Dick, he will be eradicated of evil and pits himself and humanity in an epic timeless struggle against the White Whale. It is not typical in whaling industries for captains to frequently risk themselves in pursuit of a whale, but Ahab challenges the White Whale despite everything. During the ritual that binds the crew together, Ahab proclaims God hunt us all, if we do not hunt Moby Dick to his death! He sees the White Whale as evidence of evil forces persecuting him instead of interpreting the loss of his leg as a consequence of his occupation. On his death bed, Ahab uses his last breath to curse the whale and its fate. The theme of Death reveals itself at the end of Moby Dick but the foreshadowing of death can be found throughout the novel. When Ishmael first goes to the inn, he notices an oil painting, which is later determined to be a depiction of a whale attacking a ship. This painting is a foreshadowing of death as later events reveal the Pequod in a terrible storm under attack by a whale. Furthermore, the inns owners name is Coffin which portrays the theme of death at the beginning and at the end of the novel. Ahab is familiar and comfortable with the theme of death as he realistically knows that the mission can either end in a victory, or the deaths of many of his crew members. Another occurrence of the theme of death are the prophecies of death heard throughout the voyage.Elijah anticipates a bad ending before the ship starts sailing. Gabriel foresees that Ahab will die underneath the sea. Fedellah tells Ahab the prophecy of his elaborate death, but Ahab thinks that it is unlikely that his death will happen at sea. He is foretold that he will be dismembered by a whale, but he proclaims he will be both the prophet and fulfiller of Moby Dicks destiny. All the predictions of Parsee anticipated death were fulfilled in ways that were not expected. Another central theme to the novel is the limits of knowledge that a man can possess. The uncertainty of the crew about their fates and the crews doubt about their religious fate are parallel in a sense that there are limits to the knowledge that a can have. A prime example of the limits of knowledge is that each ship on sea must rely on encounters with other ships to get news and information. Captain Ahab only desires gams with ships whose captains have information about Moby Dick. When passing a ship with no information, Ahab ignores the boats. Throughout the novel, Ishmael uses every subject he can to try and understand the important nature of the whale. He uses various systems of knowledge such as art and taxonomy but these detailed systems fail to give enough account to whaling. The various approaches used by Ishmael create a need for him to assert authority as a narrator with many references. However, by showing that a man is limited to information such as the depths of the ocean, this thereby proves that the knowledge of a human being is limited. The ways of Moby Dick cannot be predicted just like the ways of God cannot be predicted by man. Therefore, trying to interpret these ways like Ahab would not provide significant results. Lastly, race is another central theme that can be found in Moby Dick. At first sight, the Pequod can be viewed as place where equality thrives and there is fellowship among the races. The men on the Pequod consists of all kinds of men from all other the world that seem to get along. Although Ishmael is uneasy when he meets Queequeg for the first time, he comes to find out that he is better a sober cannibal than a drunken Christian as a shipmate. The work that the Pequod does creates equality among the crew because crew members are promoted based on the work that they have done and their skills. However, this is ironic to the actual fundamentals of whaling because the work of whaling can be found as characterizations of the American and European territorial expansion. Furthermore, the captain and mates in Moby Dick are all white while the harpooners are non-white. The white crew members on the ship are more dependent on other white crew members, while non-white crew members are involv ed in carrying out difficult jobs. The non-white characters subordination to the white characters can be exemplified by a scene in which Ahab is walking over Pip symbolizing his value as that of a slave. In another scene, Flask stands on Daggo, an African harpooner to beat the other mates. The novel ends with the death of all the characters apart from Ishmael who survives to tell the story. From the story, it is important to note the Ishmael is very obedient and he enacts his duty towards the captain and towards God. He is very respectful and it can be implied that God allowed him to survive because he acknowledged Him, unlike Captain Ahab who stated that he had no duty towards the rest of the crew or towards God. The theme of defiance, race, limits of knowledge, obsession, and death can all be found throughout the novel of Moby Dick. Moby Dick ultimately wins at the end of the novel by destroying all the ships. Ahab, who is the captain, is seen pinned to a harpoon line and is dragged by the whale underneath the water leading to his eventual demise. It is only Ishmael, the one telling the story, who survives and lives to tell the tales of the voyage.

The Observations Of Hurricane Katrina - 1049 Words

Abstract The observations of Hurricane Katrina are examined by several data assimilations and forecast experiments from the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) rapid-scan (RS) wind observations. The satellites tracks cloud motions from a five minute images and intervals. During the observations, operational forecast are supplemented, with the inclusion that errors are reduced in Katrina landfall positions. From the eighty-four to one hundred and twenty hour marks that the large averages of improvements are made in Katrina’s track forecast. The RS wind observations can be used to improve the track forecast of hurricanes. Introduction Weather predictions continued to be a challenge when improving the forecast of tropical cyclones, also known as a hurricane (TC). Today, the TC track for forecasts have largely improved due to the amount of quality of observations, improved forecast models, and data assimilation procedures. To improve analysis and forecast events, methods to identify sensitive locations of the atmosphere have to be specially observed. Special observations are intended to improve initial conditions and merge forecasts products. The most common approach used in targeted observing is for an aircraft to deploy sets of ten to forty dropsondes in the targeted regions. Satellite- derived observations are also a targeted mode to improve forecast. Advantages when using satellite observations are large numbers of observations, observe wide andShow MoreRelatedRemote Sensing And Weather Patterns Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pages The use of remote sensing to observe weather patterns especially hurricanes and their aftermath have only been widely used in the last fifty years. Early hurricane observations were made from ships or on land up until the 1960s (Hodgson, Davis, Cheng, Miller, 2013, p. 9). 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Summary Of The American Dream - 1682 Words

Thomas Lee Professor Elena Savelieva-Thompson PACS 01-25 4 December 2016 The American Dream The American Dream has historically been defined as upward social mobility through hard work and determination regardless of circumstances at birth. However, it seems that this dream has died. Those in the lower and middle class find themselves working multiple jobs just to survive. They live paycheck to paycheck and are unable to save money to allow them to buy a house and escape from their economic perils. I believe the American dream is dead because people are no longer capable of upward social mobility without getting lucky at birth due to wage inequality, rising housing costs, and retirement insecurity. Pay inequality prevents upwards social mobility which is by definition against the American Dream which indicates the dream is dying. This inequality started in the 1970s when both middle class pay and college graduation rates began to flat line while executive pay skyrocketed. According to Robert Reich, former Secretary of Labor under Bill Clinton, in 1978 the typical male worker made $48,302 a year while the typical 1% executive made $393,682. This was not inherently a problem, but in 2010 the male worker’s pay had actually decreased to $33,751 a year while the executive pay had increased to $1,101,089. The 2007 financial crash is very similar to that of the Great Crash of 1928. The top 1% at each of these times were taking over 23% of wealth of the nation. These crashesShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The American Dream 1216 Words   |  5 Pageslepsig English IV 31 March 2015 The American dream Its a beautiful warm sunday morning and Im sitting in the porch of my house everything is quiet, my wife and my three kids still sleeping, every thing around peaceful because the house is in the middle of 5 acres of land. 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unit 11 m1 m2 d1 new - 2152 Words

Unit 11- Safeguarding Adults and Promoting Independence M1- Assess the likely immediate effects of two different forms of abuse on the health and wellbeing of adults D1- Evaluate the potential long-term effects of these two types of abuse on the health and wellbeing of adults M2- Describe legislation and regulations, working strategies and procedures used in health and social care to reduce the risk of two types of abuse Abuse and violence can take lots of different forms. Physical abuse is where someone is physically injured by someone else. Sexual abuse involves someone being made or forced to do any kind of sexual activity. I am choosing these two types of abuse to write about the immediate and long term effects. Case study†¦show more content†¦There are three main symptoms for post-traumatic stress disorder which include, Re-experiencing: feeling like you are reliving the event through flashbacks, dreams, or intrusive thoughts Avoidance: intentionally or subconsciously changing your behavior to avoid scenarios associated with the event or losing interest in activities you used to enjoy Hyper-arousal: feeling â€Å"on edge† all of the time, having difficulty sleeping, being easily startled, or prone to sudden outbursts RAINN. 2009. RAINN. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.rainn.org/effects-of-sexual-assault/flashbacks. [Accessed 22 April 15]. Carolyn may have a lower mental age than her actual age because of her disabilities; which may then class her as a child. Carolyn might suffer from flashbacks. ‘A flashback is when memories of a past trauma feel as if they are taking place in the current moment. That means it’s possible to feel like the experience of sexual violence is happening all over again.’ RAINN. 2009. RAINN. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.rainn.org/effects-of-sexual-assault/flashbacks. [Accessed 22 April 15]. There could be advantages and disadvantages from having flashbacks. It could be an advantage because an individual will know for certain what is bothering them, which will then help them tackle the problem because they will not be confused about why the flashbacks are happening. 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Hist Final - 1855 Words

Western Civilization Professor Orens FINAL PAPER Since the Enlightenment, the three-fold quest for the meaning of life, for a just society, and for truth itself has become increasingly contentious. This quest is now our own, and if we are to embrace its promise, we must first confront its difficulties. Once again, I would like you to enter into the arguments surrounding the great issues that we face by comparing the ideas of some of the prominent figures we have studied. To do this, please write a brief essay of two to three pages about one of the topics below. Remember to answer both sets of questions for the one topic you have chosen. Before you begin, make sure that you understand the following rules for formatting your paper:†¦show more content†¦You are also raising the inevitable question, Considered by whom? If Marx was a socialist, say so and be done with it. 7. Beware of broad generalizations. 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Turabians A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. You will find a brief summary at http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_citationguide.html. The correct form for citing a book is: authors name, title in italics, name or number ofShow MoreRelatedHist 410 Final Exam Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesA++PAPER;http://www.homeworkproviders.com/shop/hist-410-final-exam/ HIST 410 FINAL EXAM HIST 410 FINAL EXAM, HIST 410 FINAL EXAM - DEVRY Question 1.1.(TCO 1) Historical research involves four main tasks. 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Document  1 1 Based  on  the  map,  state  two  methods  usedRead More James Fenimore Cooper Essay2743 Words   |  11 Pagesare the daughters of Thomas Hutter. They live on the lake and are motherless. Judith is beautiful, honest and somewhat intelligent. Her sister, Hetty, is very plain and simple minded. Chingachgook is the son of a chief and is again a brave Indian. Hist is Chingachgook’s Indian love (Cooper, Deerslayer, a.p.). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The book begins with Hurry and Deerslayer going to the lake to meet with Judith and Chingachgook, respectively. Upon arrival Hurry and Thomas Hutter decide to

College Education And The Middle Class - 1904 Words

Five decades ago, college was assumed mostly for the wealthy, not for the majority of the American population. Ten years ago, people assumed that all high school graduates will go to college, but yet today, far more number of people do not attend college than it was anticipated a decade ago. Why? Our society is mostly governed by a small number of people who occupy power. Those with power create a system that’s favorable to themselves and others in power. This directly and indirectly affects populations in the middle class and the lower class, especially when it comes to education. Over the years, the value of a college degree has increased in all terms, whether economically or socially. The knowledge gained from college is a great†¦show more content†¦One approach in absolving this problem is by attacking problems regarding unemployment and minimum-wage. Some of my friends have had to drop out of college because the costs are too high, while others who qualified for state flagship universities had to go to community colleges because they couldn’t afford the out-of-pocket expenses. In order to overcome these issues the government in Denver must implement common sense reforms to restructure the student loan system and make the debt burden more sustainable. Students should be wary of Congressional promises to make higher education more affordable. For the average American family, the price of college education has become unaffordable in strong correlation with unemployment. Unemployment had fallen only slowly since the financial collapse in 2008 and the recession that followed it. Many families are struggling to make ends meet in their daily lives, making college confusingly a necessary luxury. On the one hand, individuals stand to benefit immensely from having a college education, making the value of college seem priceless. On the other hand, the debt that comes from going to college does not seem worth the lifetime sacrifice that’ s associated with such debt. â€Å"About two-thirds of bachelor’s degree recipients borrow money to attend college, either from the government or private lenders, according to a Department of Education survey of 2007-8 graduates.† Although many forgo college for reasons

Oskar Schindler Analysis Essay Example For Students

Oskar Schindler Analysis Essay Oskar Schindler was a member of the Nazi party during the Holocaust. He had always dreamed about having a big fortune. Finally, his dream came true when he presided a factory in which many Jews worked. In the movie Schindlers list, directed by Steven Spilberg, we can see that during this time, the Jews were seen as animals and they had to work for the Nazis. If they could not worked, they were killed brutally. Generally, the people considered incapable to work were the people and the elderly. They were taken to concentration camps were their lives ended. When Oskar Schindler got his wealth, he realized that he was not as happy as he tough he would be. After seeing a lot of murders he decided to buy as many as many Jews as he could to make them work for him so that they could be saved. He made lists with a lot of names and he paid for each of them. Most of the people in those lists were those who could not work. He took them to labor in his weapon factory, and he told his workers that he was going to be very angry if one of the weapons really worked. When the war ended and the Jews got their freedom, Schindler lost all his money. Even thought he had lost everything he had always wanted to obtain, he got sad and started crying when he tough that the clothes he was wearing could have saved more people. One thousand Jews survived the Holocaust because of him. Nowadays, there are approximately 6000 descendants of those Jews. They remember Schindler as their father to whom they owe their lives. Schindler will be always remembered as a good person that realized that life has no sense when we only get. He also realized that spiritual wealth could be multiplied by giving it to others. We must give to be completely happy because the feelings that we have by giving are much better than those we have when we receive are. Giving is the only way to find a purpose to our lives. If we do not have a purpose, we will never find an answer to Why was I put on this world?Some people think that the time we spend on Earth is so short that we should try to get and receive as much as we possibly can to be completely happy. These people may think that that is the answer to the question: Why are we here?People that give in life receive much more reward s than people who only want to receive. Dr.Maradiaga, a family friend helps poor people that cannot afford to pay him. Once I asked him why he did it and he told me that for him it was very hard to know that people that are sick, can get worse because they cannot get the attention they need from an specialist and for him that is more reward to know he is helping people that really need him. He told me that helping people gives him a sense to his life and to his profession. In his book: Real Magic, Wayne Dyer states: You acquire and keep nothing for your life. All you can do is to give away in the service of others. It is a domain of purpose that miracles begging to occur in relationships (114-115). Another good example of someone that applies this principle is a woman from my country called Vivian Pellas. She has a lot of money and she is probably the richest person in my country. She owns a lot of companies but one day she had the bad luck that she was going to another country with her husband and her grandparents and the airplane crashed. She and her husband were lucky to survive this accident, but she lost her parents and she was in a very bad condition with second-degree burns and she was in a very serious situation. She now has to wear a glove to hide all the scars that she has because of the accident. Even though this was not a good thing, this help her realized that she could do more for people and she started to help people that dont have the money to have a surgery and she founded many organizations to help this people. The good part is that now she enjoys helping people and she is giving even if it is in smaller proportions to what she really could give. With her work , she is saving a lot of people and that is the best feeling in the whole world. You get the satisfaction of looking at people with a smile and that is worth millions. Nazism (2206 words) EssayGeorge Bush experienced something similar. In the recently opened George bush Library, there is a picture of a cute little girl that called everybodys attention. She was a daughter of Bush. Under the picture, a note narrates her story. She died of leukemia when she was 4 years old, and after her death Bush founded the Leukemia Foundation to give helps to those that are suffering this disease. Most of the times our suffering can be lessened when we do something to help others to diminish their suffering. Giving is again our best medicine. My Uncle Jose Alfredo has always loved giving to others. When he was a child, he enjoyed giving his toys to children that could not afford to buy them. When he grew up, he keeps his tradition. Although he did not have enough money, he used to make a big effort to buy some toys for the needy children. In addition, each time a friend knocked at his door for help, he was always there. Like magic, every business he runs is a success. He continues helping others much more than before, and happiness and abundance always mark his life. However, this abundance is not only of material things. He has abundance of love. He keeps telling me that life is the way he had always wish it to be. In his book, You would see it when you believe it, Dyer shares with us something that has helped him in his life: The more you give away without any expectations, the more you would receive back (197). Teresa Acquaviva is a nurse. She helps sick people and makes them her friends. In an article I recently read, she writes: My patients have tough me a great deal about their need to give when they feel they have received-about the cycles of giving and receiving (80). When we receive we do not have that warm feeling that comes when we know that what we did helped somebody else. Some days before Christmas my friends and I used to go to a nursing home in my city. We used to go and make that people spend a special day sharing things with them, making them laugh and giving them gifts. Usually, they gave us something they really appreciated. Generally, it was not very expensive, but it was very valuable for us. However, what they really gave us was that sensation of peace and love that we feel each time we do something to make someone happy. They let us make them laugh and that was the biggest gift we received from them. Life is so short. However, what we do in the few years we are here can be forgotten right after we are put in the grave, or they can be remembered forever. If we give to others, those who receive from us will make us immortal. To be immortal does not mean be physically here. It means being present in the persons heart. We can also be dead while alive if we do not do something to be remembered and appreciated. Giving is the only way to live forever. Otherwise, the words He lived and died, but no one knows who he was, will be read in our epitaph.

Monarch Apple Orchard free essay sample

Monarch Orchards Case Monarch Orchards, Inc. is one of the largest and most profitable apple orchards in New England. In addition to its commercial enterprise of growing and shipping several varieties of apples and fresh cider, it boasts a widely known antique picking orchard including varieties of apple trees dating back to the American Revolution. Forty Jamaican workers are employed from August to November each year by Monarch Orchards, Inc. The Jamaicans are the only employees in the company who pick the apples, moving from earlier to later varieties as these mature for market. The apple crop is the primary product of the orchard, with cider sales and picking fees accounting for a small part of annual profits. At the end of each picking season, before moving on to other jobs in the south, following an age-old custom the Jamaicans slaughter a goat in celebration. Though the practice is commonplace in their homeland, certain animal rights advocates in the community surrounding Monarch Orchards hold that this ritual slaughtering should be considered cruelty to animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Monarch Apple Orchard or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each year their pressure has grown to ban the practice. The group is currently rallying support to boycott all Monarch Orchards products until the sacrifices stop. The Jamaican workers have informally communicated through their supervisor that if they are not allowed to have their goat celebration, they will not return to Monarch for next year’s picking season. Taken by surprise, the orchard owners are trying to decide what to do next. The principal owner said it boils down to letting them continue the celebration and try to weather the boycott, or forcing them to stop the celebration and watch the crops rot on the trees. How would you recommend the orchard owners precede? The owners should put in place a contingency plan which may include: * Working with other apple orchard owners to create a mutual apple picking agreement to be activated in times of emergency such as weather related events, manpower shortage etc. This would allow for other orchards to lend a hand by loaning equipment or labor to bring in the apples at a reasonabl e price. * Create a plan to make up for the shortfall of legacy apple picking knowledge, map out all the apple trees row by row. Layout blueprints for the most efficient routes for the pickers to travel provide listings of all types of apples – Honey Crisp, Mackintosh, and Fuji, Gala etc. with best estimates of when the apples will be ripe and ready to be picked. * Begin immediate meetings with the apple pickers to inform them that the long range plan of the orchard doesn’t allow for the slaughtering of the goat on Orchard property, what occurs off the property is the sole business of the apple pickers. Begin immediate meetings with the animal cruelty officials to let them know that the primary objective of the Orchard is to produce apples and not police the welfare of animals. With that said I would make it known that going forward (not current year) that there will be no sacrifice of a goat on Orchard property, but would reiterate that the plan is for future years and not the current year. The Orchard would donate a monetary sum the charity of the protestor’s choice to help ease the tens ions of the past and current year. Who loses out or may perceive they lose out in your recommended solution? Going forward the Goat will not be sacrificed on Orchard property and not in the name of the Orchard the apple pickers will have to find another location or event to do this at. The protestors win the battle but lose the war as the goat will probably be sacrificed anyhow. I see the entity having lost the most is the apple orchard, one group will be disenfranchised at the expense of the other, and in the meantime the orchard will have spent countless hours in time, dollars and avoiding bad publicity. How can you reduce their sense of loss? The protestors having lost the battle have a good news story to tell, I would instill that they successfully changed methods, procedures and values at the Orchard, allow them to inspect the Orchard and a monetary donation always helps.

Research Paper Topics on Labor Unions

Research Paper Topics on Labor UnionsIf you are writing a paper on research paper topics on labor unions, you should take some time to understand the nature of unions. It is important to get a good understanding of unions so that you can write your paper in an accurate manner.There are two fundamental aspects to understand about unions. The first is how unions function and the second is what they do to organize and publicize their campaigns. Understanding these aspects will help you write a more clear and accurate research paper on labor unions.The first aspect to understand is the way in which unions function. In an organization there are different levels of union rank and file. At the lower levels you have the locals, then you have the regional leaders, who in turn form the International Association of Local, Regional and District Unions, or the IALUE. At the regional level, there are leaders who then constitute the national union.At the national level, the national union has many leaders and local and regional union leaders. However, there are also other leaders in unions in other countries. These leaders are part of the International Union of Operating Engineers (IUE) that is affiliated with the United Steelworkers or the AFL-CIO.The second aspect to understand is what unions do to bring together labor, management and clientele. During meetings, they may discuss and try to bring together unions, management and clients to come up with joint proposals and agreements.Another thing that a union leader does is to develop plans for activities. For example, some unions will organize joint vacations and outings so that all sides can get out of the office and meet and mingle.Finally, the third aspect to understand about labor unions is what happens when they are at war with management. They develop strategies to fight and win.The aspects mentioned above can help you to understand how labor unions work. So, as you write your research paper on labor unions, take some time to understand their functions. This will allow you to come up with a clear and accurate conclusion.

Bmw Drives Germany Essay Example

Bmw Drives Germany Essay International Business BMW Drives Germany By Peter Gumbel Assignment by Matthew Jackson Table of Contents: Page 1. Assignment Cover Sheet3 2. Question Summary4 3. Question 15 8 4. Question 2 9 10 5. Question 3 3. 111 13 3. 214 16 6. Question 417 19 7. Bibliography20 – 23 8. Appendix A24 9. Appendix B25 Surname:Jackson First Names:Matthew William Student Number:102531 Subject:International Business Assignment Number:One Date Submitted:2008. 06. 12 Submission:Second Postal Address:PO Box 704 Shelly Beach 4265 E-mail:matthew. [emailprotected] co. za Contact Numbers:W039 315 0151 H039 312 0055 Cell0832834460 Course/Intake:MBA Year Two – January 2008 I hereby declare that the assignment submitted is an original piece of work produced by myself. Matthew Jackson 75122350090882008. 06. 12 Question Summary Sheet 1. Evaluate the shift in BMW Germany’s attitude and policies toward FDI. Discuss using relevant theory what you have identified as being the driving force behind this change in attitude and policy. 2. Explain the benefits to the German economy in BMW’s decision to maintain and improve its manufacturing operations in Germany. 3. If BMW wanted to extend its manufacturing operation into a developing Southern African country, explain what your recommendations would be to their CEO with regard to: 3. 1: Factors to consider prior to the formulation of a global strategy? E. g. Culture, Negotiation, etc. 3. 2: The strategy that BMW should utilize. Justify 4. Analyze the Global Competitive environment in which BMW operates and rank their position in the industry. Question 1: Evaluate the shift in BMW Germany’s attitude and policies toward FDI. Discuss using relevant theory what you have identified as being the driving force behind this change in attitude and policy. We will write a custom essay sample on Bmw Drives Germany specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Bmw Drives Germany specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Bmw Drives Germany specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Introduction The Policy towards FDI mentioned at the start of the article by Gumbel (2007) was heavily influenced by the local economic conditions in Germany at the time. Exorbitant labour costs, unbending union rules and Administrative Policies all influenced BMW to investigate solutions for their local economic stagnation from mostly Oligopoly conditions of most companies in the saturated European Market. BMW had to find solutions elsewhere. Theory and analysis Duthmann et al. (2006) reports that Labour costs are traditionally expensive in Germany. This view is supported by data from Appendix A. It was compounded by the re-unification of East Germany and the Government needed to find a solution for Unemployment. BMW used the strategic advantage that these unemployed East German Automotive workers at Leipzig were providing, while helping government lower unemployment through FDI. Lowering that aspect of the inputs to the value chain had injected profit to BMW’s earnings. The Leontief Paradox states that countries that are abundant in capital should be exporters of capital intensive goods, and import labour intensive goods. These imports did not relieve the strain on domestic labour intensive industries. The Leontief Paradox disputes the Heckscher-Olin theory on the point that Factor endowments can be impacted by Government Policy. BMW is a good example proving that this paradox exists. Government intervention into labour rights, the shortened work week and East German re-unification problems caused excessive pressures on high labour costs. This directly caused BMW to shift their focus on investment elsewhere, to achieve cost reduction. The Benefits that Germany enjoyed from allowing BMW to pursue their FDI efforts are related to their resource transfer effect, their employment effect, their balance of payments effect and their effect on competition and economic growth. Specific parts for the leather seats and cockpits of BMW’s are manufactured by Fauracia. The natural resource leather is of better quality. The parts do not have to be trucked in as finished parts, thus incurring transportation costs, customs and import duties, and can be assembled on-site, providing immediate service support if needed. All these resources are transferred from elsewhere and do not need to be consumed and provided by Germany. Allowing FDI from Daimler-Chrysler and Fauracia allows technical resources to lower the intellectual capital drain needed in Germany, and this resource can be better utilized in other sectors. Costs involved in Research and Development of individual parts needed in assembly then stays with the host nation and not Germany, and lowers costs for BMW. FDI effect on competition and economic growth in Germany relates to the Competition created by the rivalry between Daimler-Chrysler and BMW. This especially affects service industries such as Management and these services have to be delivered in Germany where the cars are produced. Radosevic and Rozeik (2005) reports on the Cluster in the Central European Economy, and the clustering of supplier networks. BMW made the same decision regarding the supply of some of their parts to reduce costs. Hill (2007) discusses Porters â€Å"Diamond Model† for the determinants of National Competitive Advantage. He is of the opinion that Governments influence the four determinants. To evaluate whether Germany’s attitudes and policies towards FDI where effective, we need to investigate the effects the FDI decision had on factors of production, such as skilled labour and infrastructure, on demand conditions (sophisticated customers in home market), related and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure and rivalry (conditions for organization of companies, and the nature of domestic rivalry) Factor conditions were influenced in Germany at that time through their policies towards capital markets. The Business Times(2008) reports that Germany has the most transparent banking System in Europe and is of the opinion that their high personal income tax rate will cause money to ultimately flow to Southeast Asia or Central America if they do not change it soon. Gumbel (2007) also states that the skepticism of Anglo-Saxon capital finance hampers the capital market even though Germany is supposed to draw advantage from the unified European economy. Although hedge funds exist to help subsidize growth within the European Union (EU), Germany wants to curb their power so that individual local economies within the EU may be stimulated. Germany has themselves provided money through the private sector, even though the unification with East Germany took a lot of investment to develop again. This decision can thus be evaluated as a good stimulant for domestic macro-economic growth. Porter (1980) note that local government usually shape local demand conditions in more subtle ways. Local Product Standards have always been high in Germany, and regulations for buyers needs are strictly controlled. The shift towards FDI will fit in with this advantage. Gumbel (2007) alludes to the fact that Germany has always invested heavily in their Automotive Industry through subsidizing related and supporting industries via their traditional engineering prowess. BMW moved Faurecia, the company that builds their seats and cockpits, on site to create a backwards Vertical FDI. This accelerates the shared value chain activities, and co-ordinates supportive industries. The cutting of Transportation costs by moving Faurecia on site allowed the special conditions created by mass customization to be solved even though the cockpits assembled generally have a high value to weight ratio. BMW organized their firm structure as Porter’s Diamond Model suggested they should through using management structures that are technically trained and allows for hierarchical methodical product and process improvements. This can be seen in their Mass Customization program that has bee the life line of their current success. The Domestic Rivalry between BMW and Daimler-Chrysler Mercedes-Benz has also traditionally been responsible for the continual product innovation at BMW. This resulted in the drive to reduce input costs to the Value Chain and improve quality of their product through automation and use of robotics. FDI was one of the sources BMW identified that provides innovation, lower costs and better quality. It is also the collusion with Daimler-Chrysler to develop new hybrid engines that gives them new technology. This can only be beneficial to both companies through the use of FDI. Discussion FDI was a good solution to take advantage of factor conditions such as great technical resources, already existing Research and Development infrastructure, Germany’s good banking system, and strong local capital investment policies, the unified Euro. Demand conditions such as High local quality in product standards, the technically trained management firm structures inherent in most German organizations, and the longstanding domestic rivalry with Daimler-Chrysler Mercedes, have all created and environment where FDI became the logical solution to the challenges they faced. The Macro-economic consequence of the Foreign Direct Investment allowed Germany to lower unemployment without allocating part of the Gross Domestic Product to improve it. FDI created jobs specifically for the unemployed East German automotive industry workers in Leipzig. The Balance of payments effect allowed Germany to have a growth rate of 2. 8% last year. This allowed net exports of $200 Billion, of which BMW showed on their own balance statement healthy revenue of $65 Billion. This was achieved by establishing FDI to be a substitute for imports of goods or services and thus on a continual basis will improve the current account of Germany. Conclusion The close relationship of Porter’s Model of determinants of comparative advantage to the FDI decision was discussed. This showed the accuracy of FDI in providing a head-start in the Market. When the positive effects of BMW’s FDI decision is measured against the macro-economic benefits it provided, it must be evaluated that it was a correct decision. Question 2: Explain the benefits to the German economy in BMW’s decision to maintain and improve its manufacturing operations in Germany. Introduction Amdam, Lunnan and Ramanauskas (2007) has the opinion that strong domestic customer relations demanding change, or strong innovative domestic competitors are more forceful change agents than those that are located in other countries. Maintaining and improving the manufacturing operations in Germany may also have to do with the competitive presence of competitors like Daimler-Chrysler. The benefits to BMW to concentrate manufacturing operations or decentralize will be discussed. Hill (2007) discusses that concentration of production makes sense when trade barriers are low, differences between countries in factor costs, political economy, and culture have a substantial impact on the costs of manufacturing in various countries, externalities arising from the concentration of like enterprises favour certain locations, important exchange rates are expected to stay relatively stable, the production technology has high fixed costs and high minimum efficient scale relative to global demand, or flexible manufacturing technology exists, production value-to-weight ratio is high and the product serves universal needs. Alternatively, decentralization of production takes place when differences between countries in factor costs, political economy, and culture do not have a substantial impact on the costs of manufacturing in various countries, trade barriers are high, location externalities are not important, volatility in importantant exchange rates is expected, the production technology has low fixed costs and low minimum efficient scale, and flexible manufacturing technology is not available, the products value-to-weight ratio is low and the product does not serve universal needs. BMW would concentrate production, since the factor cost of Oil, Electricity and Minerals for automotive production is easily influenced by political decisions. The concentration of automotive manufacturing in Germany, and the high fixed costs, the high value-to-weight ratio and the product serves universal needs. There are certain factors which make the case for decentralization. Trade barriers are generally high with automotive manufacturing, since entry to the market is restricted by technological barriers, high start-up and input costs and the volatility of important exchange rates, specifically the Brent Crude Oil Price is expected. There are therefore more benefits to concentrating, rather than decentralizing. Hill (2007) states that reducing economic exposure requires strategic choices that goes beyond the realm of financial management. The key to reducing economic exposure is to distribute the firm’s productive assets to various locations so the Firms long term financial well-being is not severely affected by changes in exchange rates. This point towards decentralization, but since the Euro is a strong currency, it is hedged against volatility more than the benefit of lowering foreign exchange risk. This may be because most Factors of Production, and the other determinants of Porter’s Diamond Model, already exist in the robust German Domestic Economy. This also explains why there is no drive to move productive assets elsewhere. Dunning’s Eclectic Approach demands that Ownership advantage needs to be backed up by Locational Advantages from factor endowments. BMW may feel that those markets can still be served with exports. This is consistent with the economic theory of positive income elasticity for luxury products. Porter’s Diamond Model also confirms the benefits of local demand conditions, the importance of related and supporting industries, and the domestic rivalry with Daimler-Chrysler. Conclusion It benefits BMW’s research and Development from the stimulation of technological advancement from domestic rivalry. The streamlining of value chain activities through keeping Just-in-time production as fast as possible, it offsets the delays possibly caused by mass customization. Keegan (1999) as quoted in Hill (2007) state that by reinforcing positive determinants of competitive advantage in an industry, government can improve the Competitive position of a nations firms. This does not have a negative effect on the balance of payments for Germany and actually helps the GDP grow by lowering unemployment and increasing exports. If BMW wanted to extend its manufacturing operation into a developing Southern African country, explain what your recommendations would be to their CEO with regard to: Question 3. 1: Factors to consider prior to the ormulation of a global strategy? E. g. Culture, Negotiation, etc. Introduction Ling and Miller (2003) states that when individuals conduct business across national borders, they often bring to the negotiation table diverse cultural predispositions in which they interact with another. For BMW to successfully negotiate extending its manufacturing operations, it needs to understand the South African culture of Ubuntu. Hill (2007 ) suggested that there is a checklist of various cultural dimensions that can provide a cultural review prior to entering into Foreign Direct Investments. These are Nature(control, harmony and subjugation), Time(monochronic or polychronic), time(past, present or future), Action(doing or being), Communication(low or high context), Space(private or Public), Power(equality or Heirarchy), individualism or collectivism, competitiveness or co-operation, structure(high or low) and Formality(formal and informal). We will discuss the application of each of these to South Africa. Discussion The traditional African culture puts high value on Nature, and that we need to care for our environment. Africans believe that we are subjugate to the fate of nature and we are only part of it. BMW instituted stringent emission limitations on their products since the Kyoto protocol, at the World Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002. They also built the Earth Lounge in Sandton, South Africa to display the contribution they make to sustainable development. Africans believe that activity supercedes time, which is polychromic, propicious, circular and that human beings are more important than time itself. Tradition from the past, is very important to an African, and it is more important than the immediate conditions of the present or the progress of the Future. Being a good person in the community is much more important to African people than doing things. This extends to treat even strangers as extended family, thus one’s child is the community’s child. Africans are direct in their communication, since they live in community they do not place higher value on the individuals words and manner than the collective. The only cultural body language that is significant in this context is the custom for a visitor to sit down before ant communication even takes place. Hurn (2007) advises that the pace of negotiations needs to be slow when done in low context though, and directness is essential, since Ubuntu sees not coming to the point as dishonesty. Public space is allocated before private space, and Ubuntu demands that there is minimal private space, and all resources should be shared. Equality is very important to Ubuntu, since all are equal. The only hierarchy exists amongst those who allocate resources to the collective, like traditional chieftains, or political representitives. Not co-operating with the needs of the whole community, sharing its resources in the Zulu culture traditionally led to death for the individual. Informal relationships and social structures prevail in Ubuntu, since being formal is a sign of rejection of the community and its values. Building social relationships, sharing in the customs of the local tribes or giving of gifts to the community shows this support. Evidence of using this cultural experience can already be seen in the BMW SEED Programme that was initiated in 1996. It is aimed at awakening in our youngsters an interest in the environment by sponsoring planting seeds, and supports outcome based education, augments feeding schemes, develop entrepreneurial skills amongst learners and create environmental awareness through behavioural change. Rodrigues (2001) is of the opinion that decision making in the African Culture is by consensus, and this process is circular providing feedback to ensure better decisions made for all in the future. This view is supported by Tay (2007) who believes that this has been the key factor amongst the Japanese automotive industry’s success Conclusion Pursuing a global strategy for BMW to extend their manufacturing operation to South Africa, must include sensitivity to reaping cost reductions from experience curve effects and location economies. This exploitation can only occur in the Ubuntu context, if the company has done all it could to be seen as part of the community, or providing resources to the community’s needs. Negotiation for BMW would thus need to include a proper needs analysis of the local community, an accurate transaction cost analysis including the non material benefits proposed to be provided, like education, providing housing and food. Question 3. 2: The strategy that BMW should utilize. Justify Introduction Hill (2003) discusses the four basic strategies to enter and compete in the international environment. They are an international Strategy, a multi-domestic strategy, a global strategy and a transnational strategy. The mode of entry into this market must include alleviating pressures for cost reduction, and transferring of Management and Technical know-how. We will discuss how the transnational model and wholly owned subsidiary as entry mode is the best strategy. Discussion BMW cannot pursue a multi-domestic strategy, since it cannot without high costs replicate their entire value chain. Strong local autonomy would make them lose control over the benchmark of quality that has become their brand identity. The weakness from a pure global strategy is that BMW will lose the ability to customize their products. This mass customization as reported by Gumbel (2007) was the very reason for their profits in recent years. Cost reductions from the underlying experience curve also causes economies of scale in the international strategy. Previously the attempt to transfer innovation is a good strategy for any multinational company investing in a developing country. BMW traditionally has followed this strategy, where the Head Office in Munich controls Research and Development, technology, processes and marketing. Marketing Functions and manufacturing plants can under this strategy be set up in major business countries. Gumbel (2007) reports that the shift away from Germany as a head Office towards a true Transnational strategy. Research and Development are now partnered with Daimler-Chrysler and Peugeot in developing new engines outside of Germany. A transnational strategy would allow for the following advantages: It exploits the experience curve effects BMW has built up over years of technological innovation. Location economies now allow BMW to cut high labour costs, and the cost of steel. BMW should use their FDI to utilize the abundance of cheap labour conditions. They could negotiate with the South African Government to help lower unemployment, improve education skills through apprenticeships. Jenkins and Thomas (2002) reports that in manufacturing, rising capital intensity and improved productivity may limit the benefits of FDI in terms of ongoing job creation in South Africa. It is therefore essential that BMW provides ongoing job creation as a guarantee when negotiating with South Africa for FDI. The Budget of 2008 has made several tax concessions around the skills levies imposed on the South African Tax Payer. BMW should take strategic advantage of these conditions. The benefits of FDI for a country like South Africa are seen as flowing mainly from externalities generated by technology transfer They should use the supply side support measures mentioned by Streak and Dinkelman (2000) to lower their supply chain input costs. BMW should invest in local infrastructure fro Manufacturing processes, because it combines both the lower labour costs and lower input resources required. It will also be lucrative for South Africa, since the FDI now allows exports from South Africa, adding to the health of the domestic economies balance of payments. The strategy BMW should follow must include a proper analysis of both their internal strengths and weaknesses. Weirich (1999) proposed the use of the TOWS (Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses, Strengths) Matrix to analyze the Competitive Advantages and Disadvantages of Germany. The TOWS analysis for BMW allows four strategies to emerge. When we use Weirich’s opinion that The Strengths-Opportunities Strategy would play to the Culture of quality, we can justify why BMW used its skilled intellectual capital, its superior technological innovation, engineering machinery, chemicals and managerial practices. BMW must then analyze whether there exists an Opportunity in South Africa for these strengths. The Strengths -Threats Strategy would assume that they need to consider FDI as a means to capture more of an Emerging Expanding Market share in South Africa. BMW needs to look at the health of the automotive retail sector as well as the industrial manufacturing sectors. The Automotive Sector in South Africa is very healthy, as seen in the Local Manufacturing plants for Volkswagen and Toyota already in South Africa. The Weaknesses-Opportunities Strategy would use cheaper labour costs to overcome rising domestic competition from Labour Unions in mature contracting Economies. Kamoche (2002) reports the success of multinationals in the past to leverage low labour in South Africa. Machaka and Roberts (2003) also confirm that spiralling supply input costs like steel and other natural resources are also cheaper in South Africa. Weakness-Threats Strategy would only apply to countries that are a threat from their strong economic market share. Experiencing difficulties in exporting arising from an expensive product and strong currencies in their home country would scare off BMW. They would look for a stable political environment, a growing economy and a stable currency. Conclusion From this analysis the best fitting strategy that would fit BMW to adopt regarding Developing Economies, is the Weakness-Opportunities. BMW is a large multi-national company looking to find new markets in which to sell not only their product, but sell their expertise. BMW should us the abundance of natural cheap resources like steel, available in South Africa. This view is supported by Matjekana (2002). Matjekana (2002) also suggests that it is unusual that South Africa did not attract more FDI in their labour market. Using this opportunity as a value chain activity will increase profits. Matjekana(2002) is of the opinion though, that the reason for this paradox (that can be seen as a reversed Leontif paradox? is related to the South African Governments inability to get crime under control. BMW should use the Transnational strategy for moving their manufacturing plant to South Africa. BMW can exploit their experience curve effects in South Africa, importing technical resources; they can exploit location cost economies like cheap steel and labour. BMW can customize local product offerings better, since the costs incur red to do this is less in South Africa. In the South African Context it may make more sense to leverage their valuable skills this way as a commodity than pursuing a Global Strategy. A Global strategy has a lack of local responsiveness, and the market for Luxury Vehicles in African economies is small compared to developed nations. This lack of providing product customization is not a huge consideration therefore in South Africa. BMW should use South Africa as a doorway into the Market for both the rest of Africa, and a cost cutting distribution Centre to Australasia. They should use the wholly owned subsidiary model in which they can transfer their transient technology advantage, while it is structured to reduce risk of loss of technology. Question 4: Analyze the Global Competitive environment in which BMW operates and rank their position in the industry. The five competitive forces model was developed in 1980 by Michael E. Porter. The five competitive forces Porter (1980) proposed in his model have an effect on the car manufacturer BMW. Based on this analysis, the force with the most impact on the company will be identified. Based We will examine how BMW uses information systems to offset the most competitive of these forces. Porter (1980) suggests that competition in an industry is rooted in its underlying economic structure. The stage of competition depends upon five basic competitive forces, which determine the degree of competition and the profit potential in an industry. The five forces are (a) intensity of competitors, (b) power of suppliers, (c) power of customers, (d) threat of new entrants and (e) threat of substitute products (Porter, 1980). (a) Intensity of competitors BMW, which stands for Bayerische Motoren Werke, has made a well-known name as a luxury car manufacturer (Bernhardt Kinnear, 1994). The headquarters of the BMW group is in Munich, Germany, but the company has global reach. The company built high brand equity over the years through continuous branding efforts and high quality products. Kiley (2004) states† BMW is arguably the most admired carmaker in the world and BMW products inspire near- fanatical loyalty†. Within the luxury car manufacturing direct industry competition is fierce. U. S. manufacturers produce cars like Cadillac, Lincoln, Buick and Chrysler that look comfortable and visually stylish. European manufacturers like BMW, Mercedes Benz, Audi and Jaguar focus on customers that want the communication with the road via steering nd suspension systems (Bernhardt Kinnear, 1994) by producing functionally superior cars. The luxury car segment of the automobile market is at the maturity stage of the life cycle, locally and globally, due to an increased number of competitors from domestic and foreign markets. The automobile market is characterized by a low potential for market growth, but high sales and profit potential (Murtagh, 2004). T here are traditionally high entry barriers in this market and products are usually differentiated. Competitive forces are high in each segment of the overall market. BMW belong to the strategic group of luxury functional cars. This segment is categorized by low product diversification but a relatively high geographical scope (Murtagh, 2003). It is also a differentiated oligopoly. An oligopoly consists of a few companies with an unspecified number of buyers. The action of each company in this oligopoly affects the other manufacturers in the market and thus invokes reaction of manufacturers to one another. The objective of companies in an oligopoly is to maximize the present value of profit (Bernhardt Kinnear, 1994). BMW differs in the features, styles, quality, innovation, technology, design, appearance and services they aim to provide. BMW can also gain a competitive advantage to its U. S. competitors through exchange rates when the dollar is strong (Bernhardt Kinnear, 1994). (b)Power of Suppliers The roles and responsibilities of suppliers in the automobile industry have changed because the industry structure has merged. High switching costs and dependency give automotive suppliers high amounts of economic monopoly. High quality and high service levels towards BMW customers, from the consistent high quality, co-operating, high competency, just-in-time and reliability of suppliers. (c) Power of customers Customers, who buy, have major influence on the decisions of companies in an oligopolistic market structure. Porter (1980) explains that buyers force down prices, bargaining for higher quality or more services, and playing competitors against each other at the expense of industry to make profit. BMW’s positive brand image distinguished itself through its point-of-difference. The outcome is that BMW customers are loyal towards the brand. As a result, many competitors of BMW have to face falling sales and market share, while demand for BMW products continues to grow (Kiley, 2004). (d) Threat of New Entrants New entrants are essential for an industry to stay competitive (Porter, 1980). Their absence removes the drive to gain market share and profit. The Global Automotive Industry is an Oligopoly, and any new entrants make commanding profit and controlling price more challenging. BMW takes advantage of economies of scale, one of the major aspects of barriers to entry (Porter, 1980) because its unit costs decrease significantly with quantity increases. Capital requirements are probably the most significant barrier to entry because the production of cars requires immense financial resources. Research and Development, further facilities abroad for global operating scale, brand switching costs, Government Regulations in technology and environmental pollution influence entry barriers as well. (e) Threat of Substitutes Low End Cars, Motorcycles, bicycles and usage public transportation are limited, which results in low pressure on manufacturers (Porter, 1980). Substitutes limit the potential returns of an industry by placing a ceiling on the prices firms in the industry can profitably charge. The Power of Customers impacts mostly on BMW, because they increase competitors and product variety. Customers are the most important part for the success of BMW. As Gumbel (2007) reports the mass customization system BMW developed for catering for the specific tastes of individual customers, fills this need. A comprehensive passive safety system information system innovation by BMW called the Intelligent Safety and Information System (ISIS) was developed. BMW also use a dealer communication system that enhances the manufacturer-dealer relationship and effectiveness Conclusion: The BBC from their website and Data in Appendix B we can see that various sources rank BMW in second place in the Luxury Automotive Manufacturing industry, as a company. This is not reflected from the number if units sold, but rather in the Consumer Faults per 100 cars index, as well as the global index for most efficient organizational indexes. Daimler-Chrysler does not allow the empowerment of customers to express their individuality to the extent of making their vehicles more customizable, but they rank as a better managed enterprise. Bibliography: Admam, R. 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(2007) Rethink competition in the world auto market: cultural determinants, strategic implications and game rules. Strategy and Leadership 35(4), pp. 31 – 37. Appendix A: Hourly labour costs in 14 EU Member States, 2004 (in â‚ ¬) The table ranks 14 EU Member States according to hourly labour costs in the manufacturing and services sectors separately and for the combined total, 2004 (in â‚ ¬). Total (â‚ ¬) Manufacturing (â‚ ¬) Services (â‚ ¬) Denmark30. 70Belgium33. 10Denmark31. 30 Sweden30. 40Germany29. 90Luxembourg31. 30 Belgium30. 00Denmark29. 90Sweden30. 90 Luxembourg28. 30Sweden29. 60France30. 90 France28. 20Netherlands28. 90Belgium30. 60 Netherlands22. 40Finland28. 80Finland27. 20 Finland26. 80France27. 60Netherlands26. 50 Germany26. 20Austria26. 60UK24. 50 Austria25. 30Luxembourg25. 80Germany24. 10 UK24. 70UK24. 70Austria23. 80 Italy21. 40Italy20. 60Spain14. 30 Spain14. 80Spain16. 30Greece13. 70 Greece13. 40Greece12. 70Portugal10. 80 Portugal9. 60Portugal8. 30ItalyNo data EU1524. 00EU1525. 00EU1524. 20 Note: Data on Sweden and Greece refer to 2003; no data available for Ireland. Source: IMK Report, 2006 Appendix B