Things Fall Apart Reaction Paper free essay sample

They came on the decision of killing him and Okonkwo joined in killing him due to his fear of becoming weak. But then, guilt haunts Okonkwo throughout the story. b. ) Nwoye is Okonkwo’s eldest son. He is not on good terms with his father and seemed to lose respect on him especially at the moment when Ikemefuna was killed. On the other hand, Okonkwo sees Nwoye as a disappointment. This is because of Okonkwo sees his father in him. In the latter part when Okonkwo was exiled for seven years, he was converted into Christian and had his new Christian name: Isaac. c. Ekwefi is Okonkwo’s second wife. She sees Okonkwo as someone who is so masculine especially when he beat Amalinze the Cat. We can also see that there is this love involved in their relationship since it was stated in the first part of the story that she ran away from her husband to be with Okonkwo. We will write a custom essay sample on Things Fall Apart Reaction Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though not stated in the book, she is Okonkwo’s favorite wife. She is someone who is not just beautiful but also bold and strong. He is closer to Ekwefi than her other wives. Ekwefi cares so much about her daughter. When Ezinma has iba, she woke Okonkwo up without hesitation by pounding his door. Also, when Okonkwo is leaving Mbanta, she was put in charge of preparing cassava for the final feast. d. ) Ezinma is Okonkwo’s eldest daughter. She thinks of his father as someone who is respected by everyone. She looks up to his father. She understands his father more than her siblings do. She is Okonkwo’s favorite. Okonkwo enjoys her wrongdoings in terms of given gender roles and he sometimes wishes that she was just a boy. She grew up and became the village beauty like her mother. She came back with her father after their exile in Umuofia and married there. . ) Obierika is Okonkwo’s best friend. He thinks of Okonkwo as a successful man. Okonkwo thinks of him as a dependable best friend. In the end, he accused the District Commissioner responsible for Okonkwo’s death. 2. ) Protagonist is the main or principal character in a story. The protagonist in this story is Okonkwo. This is evident since the story circulates on his life – his rise to positio n and wealth, the way he condemn and hate his father, his fall into exile, until his suicide. 3. ) The religion of Okonkwo’s tribe and the Christianity that Mr. Brown brings both believe in gods. But then, Umuofia’s religion believes in ancestral spirits and chi (personal deity) while Christianity believes in one God, who is the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End. A proof that Umuofia believes in deity gods is when they said that A man could not rise beyond the destiny of his chi. â€Å"(Chapter 14, page 131) Also, another proof of the comparison between Christianity and the religion of Umuofia is the conversation of Mr. Brown and Akunna, when they both explained their religion to each other. Mr. Brown said that they (The Ibo people) worship carved woods and it is wrong. Akunna said that they acknowledge a creator God or Supreme Being, but they call him Chukwu because â€Å"He made the entire world and the other gods. † (Chapter 21, page 179) and the carved woods they worship are: †The tree from which it came was made by Chukwu, as indeed all the minor gods were† (Chapter 21, page 179). 4. ) Ibo Terms An example is the practice where they bring and leave those people infected with â€Å"the swelling† into the woods until they pass away. Even if it was a severe custom, it was necessary as for their opinion. Christian terms An example was when they rescue of the new-born twin babies from the forbidden forest. The Ibo tribe thinks that having a new-born twin babies is an evil sign and a curse for the women to have twin babies so they just let them die in the forest. This tradition came out to be very cruel to the missionaries. So, they showed readiness to go against Ibo tribe’s tradition for the babies’ life sake. 5. ) They maintain the belief that the egwugwu are gods when they are clearly masked humans because these are the symbol of the culture and independence of their tribe. Once the egwugwu loose power in the community, the clan’s culture and independence will also be lost. 6. ) It came from the Old Testament story of Abraham and his son, Isaac (Genesis 22: 1-13) in the Bible. The story is that God ordered the first patriarch Abraham to sacrifice his young son Isaac, but then when he saw him about to do it, told him to stop and sacrifice a nearby ram instead. The idea is that Abrahams  faith  was only being tested; but to prove himself a religious man he had to be ready to kill his first-born. Nwoye’s conversion to Christianity is revealed as an act of upheaval against his father, so there could be a sense that he is declining to be sacrificed or to follow his father. 7. ) For me, Okonkwo values his feeling of success and importance more than the rules of his village. Some evidences are: he violated the rule on the Week of Peace by beating his wife, he unintentionally killed Ezedu’s son, and he committed suicide. 8. ) If a member in our family had Okonkwo’s personality, he would be living a miserable life. He would be living in a place filled with people who got the same personality as he have because living in the city with the usual people is going to be a problem for them. For a living, maybe he would have a work that has got to do with perfecting things and a work which does not require him to mingle with a lot of people because that will be a great problem to them. He will have perfecting things and stuffs, reading books on his own, studying, and sharing serious or sometimes deadly stories even to children as for his hobbies. I also think that he will have an unhappy family. A family who’s having a hard time doing and acting naturally for someone in their family seeks and only accepts perfection, a family who cannot express their feelings since someone in the family thinks that open communication is not a need, and a family who cannot express their feeling to one another since someone in the family thinks that this is only for weak people even if it is not. 9. ) The proverb means the child, no matter how he tries, will still have a part if his personality alike from one of his parents. The more he declines and the more he tries to change and control it so much to the extent that he almost doesn’t care on how the other people around him feels, then he is more likely to become worse than what is expected. Yes, this proverb describes Okonkwo well. He condemned his father so much. He hated everything that reminds him about his father’s â€Å"weakness† so he did everything – he does not control his anger, he does not show his appreciation, love, and care to his family, and a lot more – that he can for him not to be like his father. But then, he ended up becoming a worse failure and weaker than his father when he committed suicide. 10. ) The title â€Å"Things Fall Apart† is significant for it foreshadows the disaster that will portray in the novel. It gives us a hint that the story will not give us a happy ending so we should not expect for one. It somehow gives us the idea that something, maybe the tribe or Okonkwo’s family, will fall apart, into pieces.

Jose Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines

Jose Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal (June 19,  1861–December 30,  1896) was a man of incredible intellectual power and amazing artistic talent. He excelled at anything that he put his mind to- medicine, poetry, sketching, architecture, sociology, and more. Rizals martyrdom by the Spanish colonial authorities, while he was still quite young, was a huge loss to ​the Philippines and to the world at large. Today, the people of the Philippines honor him as their national hero. Fast Facts: Josà © Rizal Known For: National hero of the Philippines for his key role inspiring and leading the Philippine Revolution against colonial SpainBorn: June 19, 1861 at Calamba, LagunaParents: Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y QuintosDied: December 30, 1896 in Barcelona, SpainEducation: Ateneo Municipal de Manila, studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas and medicine and philosophy at the  Universidad Central de Madrid (1884); ophthalmology at the University of Paris and the University of HeidelbergPublished Works: Noli Me Tangere, El FilibusterismoSpouse(s): Josephine Bracken (married two hours before his death)Children: None Early Life Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna, the seventh child of Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos. They named the boy Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda. The Mercado family were wealthy farmers who rented land from the Dominican religious order. Descendants of a Chinese immigrant named Domingo Lam-co, they changed their name to Mercado (market) under the pressure of anti-Chinese feeling among the Spanish colonizers. From an early age, Jose Rizal Mercado showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the age of 3 and could read and write at age 5. Education Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal Mercado attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, graduating at the age of 16 with the highest honors. He took a post-graduate course there in land surveying. Rizal Mercado completed his surveyors training in 1877 and passed the licensing exam in May 1878, but he could not receive a license to practice because he was only 17 years old. (He was eventually granted a license in 1881 when he reached the age of majority.) In 1878, the young man also enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas as a medical student. He later quit the school, alleging discrimination against Filipino students by the Dominican professors. In Madrid In May 1882, Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal got on a ship to Spain without informing his parents of his intentions. He enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid after arriving. In June 1884, he received his medical degree at the age of 23; the following year, he also graduated from the Philosophy and Letters department. Inspired by his mothers advancing blindness, Rizal next went to the University of Paris and then to the University of Heidelberg to complete further study in the field of ophthalmology. At Heidelberg, he studied under the famed professor Otto Becker. Rizal finished his second doctorate at Heidelberg in 1887. Rizals Life in Europe Jose Rizal lived in Europe for 10 years. During that time, he picked up a number of languages- he could converse in more than 10 different tongues. While in Europe, the young Filipino impressed everyone who met him with his charm, intelligence, and his mastery of an incredible range of different fields of study. Rizal excelled at martial arts, fencing, sculpture, painting, teaching, anthropology, and journalism, among other things. During his European sojourn, he also began to write novels. Rizal finished his first book, Noli Me Tangere, while living in Wilhemsfeld with the Reverend Karl Ullmer. Novels and Other Works Rizal wrote Noli Me Tangere in Spanish; it was published in 1887 in Berlin. The novel is a scathing indictment of the Catholic Church and Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, and its publication cemented Jose Rizals position on the Spanish colonial governments list of troublemakers. When Rizal returned home for a visit, he received a summons from the Governor General and had to defend himself from charges of disseminating subversive ideas. Although the Spanish governor accepted Rizals explanations, the Catholic Church was less willing to forgive. In 1891, Rizal published a sequel, titled El Filibusterismo. Program of Reforms In both his novels and newspaper editorials, Jose Rizal called for a number of reforms of the Spanish colonial system in the Philippines. He advocated for freedom of speech and assembly, equal rights before the law for Filipinos, and Filipino priests in place of the often-corrupt Spanish churchmen. In addition, Rizal called for the Philippines to become a province of Spain, with representation in the Spanish legislature (the Cortes Generales). Rizal never called for independence for the Philippines. Nonetheless, the colonial government considered him a dangerous radical and declared him an enemy of the state. Exile and Courtship In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines. He was almost immediately accused of being involved in the brewing rebellion  and was exiled to Dapitan City, on the island of Mindanao. Rizal would stay there for four years, teaching school and encouraging agricultural reforms. During that same period, the people of the Philippines grew more eager to revolt against the Spanish colonial presence. Inspired in part by Rizals organization La Liga, rebel leaders like Andres Bonifacio began to press for military action against the Spanish regime. In Dapitan, Rizal met and fell in love with Josephine Bracken, who brought her stepfather to him for a cataract operation. The couple applied for a marriage license but were denied by the Church (which had excommunicated Rizal). Trial and Execution The Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896. Rizal denounced the violence  and received permission to travel to Cuba in order to tend victims of yellow fever in exchange for his freedom. Bonifacio and two associates sneaked aboard the ship to Cuba before it left the Philippines and tried to convince Rizal to escape with them, but Rizal refused. He was arrested by the Spanish on the way, taken to Barcelona, and then extradited to Manila for trial. Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal was tried by court-martial and charged with conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion. Despite a lack of any evidence of his complicity in the Revolution, Rizal was convicted on all counts and given a death sentence. He was allowed to marry Josephine two hours before his execution by firing squad on December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal was just 35 years old. Legacy Mariano Sayno / Getty Images Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal is remembered today throughout the Philippines for his brilliance, courage, peaceful resistance to tyranny, and his compassion. Filipino schoolchildren study his final literary work, a poem called Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Goodbye), and his two famous novels. Spurred on by Rizals martyrdom, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. With assistance from the United States, the Philippine archipelago was able to defeat the Spanish army. The Philippines declared its independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. It was the first democratic republic in Asia. Sources de Ocampo, Estaban A. Dr. Jose Rizal, Father of Filipino Nationalism. Journal of Southeast Asian History 3.1 (1962): 44-55.Rizal, Josà ©. One Hundred Letters of Josà ©Ã‚  Rizal. Manila: Philippine National Historical Society, 1959.Valenzuela, Maria Theresa. Constructing National Heroes: Postcolonial Philippine and Cuban Biographies of Josà © Rizal and Josà © Martà ­. Biography 37.3 (2014): 745-61.

Developing Winning Competitive Strategies Essay

Developing Winning Competitive Strategies - Essay Example The digital camera users have appreciated our company's products and for this case, they have developed as a substantial worldwide market share. Our company emphasis on the market share in all continents although we failed to achieve a substantial market share in the United States and Asia since the amount of profit per share we were making was at minimal. We had a notion that the price of our products would assist as gain a substantial market share and for this case, we overlooked investing in the marketing department even though we had invested heavily on in the market share. Our main marketing strategy was our image rating as we believed that this would eventually as it expressed the quality of our product since it attracted more customers to purchase our products. Our sales increased gradually since our customers believed that our quality of the products was high as the quality of the product goes with the image rating as it was our case. ... Another strength that has assisted our company gains a substantial market share is advertising. People have to be made aware of a product for them to be purchased and it does not if the quality of a product is high, if people do not know of its existence, then a low quality may have a large market share since people of its existence. Our company invested heavily in the advertisement as they always exceeded their advertisement budget of $300 to the actual spending of $537 in advertising. Another strength that assisted our company to succeed against its competitors is the market share. We started from the beginning to market our products in all the continents in the world in order to increase our sales revenue. This strength really helped us since we increased our sales and eventually our profits went up as our products were made known throughout the world.

BUSINESS D M Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUSINESS D M - Essay Example All members of the team also agreed on most fundamental point that selected site should have maximum business potential otherwise no sensible promoter will ever risk their funds in a private venture. While doing strength and weakness analysis of each sites by group members following points emerged for each sites. Strengths Weaknesses Site A Site B Site C Plenty of land available Politically quite suitable site Semi-skilled and unskilled workers are available plenty. Most profitable site for business Professionals will love to live here Skilled professionals are available Plenty of the land available for the project A ‘mid cost’ site Not enough housing facilities Professional staff would not like to move here A lot of amount required to be spent on clean up and sterilization Not having enough business potential Protected wild life site Media is against in selection of this site Political activists oppose this site Road conditions are dismal Parking is an issue at this sit e Transport link would take huge budget The group members agreed after deliberations on the following main criteria/objectives of the hospital project that must be fulfilled while selecting the site and they are listed as per the following. 1.

12 Angry Men.A Review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

12 Angry Men.A - Movie Review Example The jury does not assume him to be innocent, as the law prescribes. Even the judge drones his boredom during jury instructions. The many ethical dilemmas, values and concepts depicted in this film include: 1. Presumed innocence, ethic or myth? 2. Personal prejudice in the jury room. 3. Personal experience in the jury room. 4. Personal agenda in the jury room. 5. Interpersonal group dynamics: bullies, opinion leaders, bigots, conformists The film explores the best and worst in human behavior in the setting of the jury room amidst a literal life and death decision. This paper explores that treatment. Presumed Innocence Ethic or Myth Eleven of the jurors voted guilty in the first polling without the benefit of an evidence review. Only juror 81 voted not guilty. The anonymity of nameless jurors reduced audience prejudice, although, juror 8 wore a white suit and juror 32 wore a black suit in keeping with Hollywood symbolism. Juror 8 stood alone in his conviction, his ethic, that before se nding a defendant to the death penalty, the jury had a duty to review the case. Several of the jurors commented they thought the defendant was guilty from early in the case, indicating an early personal deliberation without listening to the defense first. Juror 23 says he cannot put his reasons into words, just thought the defendant â€Å"guilty from the word go†. (Lumet 1957) Juror 64 says he was â€Å"convinced early† (Lumet 1957) when the prosecutor established motive. Juror 75 exclaims â€Å"no one thought about it twice† (Lumet 1957) except juror 8. Clearly, these jurors did not honor their commitment to impartiality prior to deliberations. Although the defense attorney did not aggressively cross examine witnesses, most jurors felt the defense council was competent, mostly by assumption. The assumption of competency logically lead to the conclusion that if there were a defense, it would have been presented. No defense, no rebuttal, no innocence. The defense council is never on screen, a cinematic no show. The fact that the boy was accused of killing his father, a man whose position was sympathetic to many on the jury, ironically foreshadowed the juror 8 role in this drama. (Cunningham 1986) Juror 3 said his parenting skills involved â€Å"making his son a man† (Lumet 1957) until his son punched him in the jaw during an argument. Juror 8 raised his kids through love and respect. Juror 8 saw in the defendant an innocent child that never had a chance while the others only saw his superficial guilt. The movie continued through the first act with only juror 8 assuming the defendant was not guilty. The others were too emotional or prejudiced to review the facts. The first act ends with juror 8 making a leap of faith. He challenges the others to make a secret ballot and if all 11 vote guilty, he will too. The votes are counted and a 10-1 split is discovered. The older gentleman, juror 96, decided to back up juror 8 on principle; altho ugh ten jurors did not presume innocence, the young defendant would receive thoughtful deliberation from his jury. Personal Prejudice The jurors demonstrated a varying degree of prejudice, both racial and class based. As the jurors entered the jury room, several conversations revolved around the defendant and his social status. The discussion of evidence brought to light the prejudice and backstory7 of the jurors. In a more benign comment, Juror 48 avers the defendant came from the slums and slums create criminals. â€Å"Everyone knows that† (Lumet 1957). Juror 59 disagrees with this assessment, reviewing his own history and asking for sensitivity to the youth’s plight. Juror 1010 is a more vehement bigot, spewing stereotype and cursing â€Å"

Abolishing The Criminal Juvenile Justice System Criminology Essay

Abolishing The Criminal Juvenile Justice System Criminology Essay Throughout the course of focusing on juvenile issues that require forethought and afterthought the idea of Should the justice system be abolished? Has been of particular interest to me, because of the apparent disparity that exists in some cases where juveniles are denied due process for a criminal act or thrust into a complex system that does not provide much in the sense of reform. My question becomes investigative in nature to delve into an answer: Why do juveniles seemingly enter an adversarial system and not one that is rehabilitative and in some cases just? The first issue to examine is the get tough approach and its effectiveness as a deterrent to juvenile crimes. As a get tough approach on juvenile crime takes place, the demands for stronger crime policies emerge; elected officials throughout the United States are gradually dismantling the juvenile justice system and replacing it with a deceptive criminal system, a system that emphasizes mandatory sentences and formal advers arial procedures. Much of the juvenile court original case load has been reassigned to the criminal court. The question takes hold: Is it feasibly to have a separate juvenile justice system and if it is not what can replace it? It is the job of the policy makers to introspectively confront these questions, and more importantly find progressive answers. It is certain that new policies need to implemented that capture the essence of the problem and seeks to reform it. Perhaps, these new policies should focus on more than abolishing the juvenile courts delinquency jurisdiction and sending all young offenders to commonplace criminal courts (Butts, 2000, p. 1). It is equally important explore the reasons why the abolishing the juvenile court system is viewed as a viable option by some. Arguments can be made that history has shown the ineffectiveness of such as system currently today. Feld posits that judicial decisions, legislative amendments, and administrative change have changed the j uvenile court from a nominally rehabilitative social welfare agency into a scaled-down second class criminal court for young people (Wiesheit Culbertson, 2000, p. 277). Over the past century, the juvenile court struggled to provide treatment for juvenile offenders while guaranteeing them constitutional due process. But the system has been so overwhelmed by the increase in violent juvenile crime and family breakdown that some judges and politicians have suggested abolishing the juvenile system, and even those experts who want to retain an independent juvenile court have called for the restructuring and other advocates want to reduce jurisdiction over juveniles charged with serious crimes and liberalize the prosecutors ability to try them in adult courts (Siegel Welsh, 2009, p. 446). A compelling argument can be made for abolishing the juvenile justice system, or more specific abolishing delinquency, the idea that juvenile offenders are not fully responsible for their actions and s hould be tried in a separate court system. However, there are two important distinctions to be made abolishing delinquency is not the same thing as dismantling the entire juvenile court. Even if lawmakers ended the juvenile courts jurisdiction over criminal law violations, the juvenile court could continue to handle other types of cases such as abused and neglected children, truants, curfew violations etc. In fact, juvenile offenders could continue to be handled by the same judges in the same courtrooms that are currently handling them, but the courts would operate as youth divisions of criminal court using criminal procedures under the criminal code. Neither would abolishing delinquency mandate that all young offenders be sent to adult correctional programs or adult probation agencies. Many states already operate separate correctional facilities for young adults. The decision to handle all young offenders in the criminal court would not prevent correctional specialization. States would still have the discretion to separate offenders by age when incarcerating or otherwise supervising convicted offenders and the federal government would still be free to require such separation as a condition of financial support for state corrections agencies. The debate will still exist whether abolishing the juvenile justice system refers only to the courts responsibility for delinquency cases. Policy makers must then decide what type of court should have legal jurisdiction over juvenile delinquents. The debate centers on whether to continue defining law violations by young people as delinquent acts, or to classify them simply as crimes and refer them to criminal court (Butts, 2000, p. 1). HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM Juvenile courts today bear only a passing similarity to the original concept of juvenile justice formulated centuries ago. State lawmakers built the first juvenile courts around an informal, quasi-civil process. Juvenile court judges had broad discretion with which they could intervene quickly and decisively, even in cases involving hard-to-prove charges. Juvenile offenders received minimal procedural protections in juvenile court, but in return they were promised a court that would focus on their best interests. The mission of the juvenile court was to help young law violators to get back on the right track, not simply punish their illegal behavior (Butts, 2000, p. 2). The Supreme Courts decision in In re Gault (1967) began changing the juvenile court into a very different institution than the Progressives contemplated. Progressive reformers envisioned an informal court whose dispositions reflected the best interest of the child. The Supreme Court engrafted formal procedures at tria l onto juvenile courts individualized treatment sentencing schema. Although the Courts decision was not intended to change the juvenile courts therapeutic mission, legislative, judicial, and administrative responses to Gault have modified the courts jurisdiction, purpose and procedures (Feld 1984, 1988b). The substantive and procedural convergence between juvenile and criminal courts eliminates most of the conceptual and operational differences between social control strategies for youths and adults (Wiesheit Culbertson, 2000, p. 277). It is important to define the significance of the Supreme Courts Gault (1967) decision at it was two crucial gaps between juvenile justice rhetoric and reality: the theory versus practice of rehabilitation, and the differences between procedural safeguards afforded adults and those available to juveniles (Felds 1990b). The Court stressed that juveniles charged with crimes who faced institutional confinement required elementary procedural safeguards w hich included notice of charge, a hearing, assistance of counsel, an opportunity to confront and cross-examine witnesses, and a privilege against self incrimination. In other cases such as In re Winship (1970), the court determined that the risk of erroneous convictions required delinquency to be proven by the criminal standard beyond a reasonable doubt rather than by a lower civil standard of proof. In Breed v. Jones (1975), the Court posited a functional equivalence between criminal trials and delinquency proceedings and applied the ban on double jeopardy to delinquency convictions. In McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1970), however, the Court denied juveniles the constitutional right to jury trials and halted the extension of full procedural parity with adult criminal prosecutions. Although Gault and Winship recognized the need for procedural safeguards against governmental oppression, McKeiver denied the need for such protections, invoked the mythology of benevolent juvenile court judg es, and justified the procedural differences of juvenile courts by their treatment rationale (McKeiver 1970, pp. 550-51; Feld 1988b). Gault (1967), Winship (1970), and McKeiver (1970) precipitated a procedural and substantive revolution in juvenile justice that unintentionally but inevitably transformed its Progressive conception. By emphasize placed on criminal procedural regularity in determining delinquency and formalizing the connection between crime and sentence, the Court made explicit a relationship previously implicit and unacknowledged. Legislative and judicial responses to those decisions decriminalized status offenders, waiving serious offenders, punitively sentencing delinquents, and formalizing procedures further the convergence between criminal and juvenile courts (Wiesheit Culbertson, 2000, p. 280). Although these reforms may have been enacted for good reason, they raise serious questions about the continuing need for a separate, juvenile court system. As lawmakers continue to increase the similarity of juvenile and criminal court sanctions, it becomes harder to rationalize the separation of the process that imposes them (Butts, 2000, p. 3). The juvenile justice system has strayed too far from its original mission, according to Feld. Policy makers should cancel the nations juvenile justice experiment. Todays juvenile court retains much of the terminology of juvenile law, but it functions as a pseudo criminal court. Worse, it fails to provide complete due process protections for accused youth. Juvenile courts are still not required to provide bail, jury trials, or the right to a speedy trial for youthful offenders. Feld has recommended that all law violations be handled in a criminal court, although he hopes the system will continue acknowledge the minimized culpability of the very young by imposing sentences with a youthful discount meaning a 17-year-old defendant would get 75 percent of the sentence due an 18-year-old, a 16-year-old would get 50 percent, etc. Even if Felds proposed youth discount is ultimately rejected by policy makers, the insights and observations on which he has based these proposals cannot be ignore d. Lawmakers will soon have to ask themselves the following question: Is it possible to terminate the juvenile justice system? The juvenile justice system conjures some strong opinions, and not all of them can be categorized as either liberal or conservative. It would also be very wrong to assume that all the critics of the juvenile courts are uncaring, law and order types who feel little compassion for the poor, disproportionately minority youth who compromise the largest percentage of the juvenile courts clients. The critics Dr. Felds are more often motivated by a concern for youth. It is their perspective, the juvenile court has never lived up to its rehabilitative promise and it never will, and more importantly, the juvenile courts lower standards of due process are no longer tolerable given its modern emphasize on just desserts and retribution. Courts were meant to handle law violations, the abolitionists say and not social welfare problems (Butts, 2000, p. 2). Policy makers ha ve found it difficult to find middle ground in this engaging controversy, but unfortunately their compromise was to slowly criminalize the juvenile court, especially in light of the Supreme Courts ruling in Gault (1967) in which law makes across the country have encouraged juvenile courts to embrace the goals and operational style of the criminal courts. Juvenile courts currently pursue many of the objectives once unique to criminal courts, including incapacitation and retribution. Both juvenile courts and criminal courts rely on plea bargaining for case outcomes. Both are forced by growing caseloads to adopt assembly-line tactics and they often have difficulty providing individualized dispositions. It is hard to draw a distinction between juvenile courts and adult courts because of the atmosphere. Because of juvenile discretion being restricted, its once sweeping authority becomes diluted, making the court more bureaucratic and inflexible. Decades of reform increased the severity o f the juvenile court process, but they also curtailed the courts ability to provide individualized and comprehensive interventions for youth offenders. Throughout most of the juvenile courts 100 year history, it is evident that we do not need a separate juvenile court system. Juvenile courts allowed society to intervene early in the lives of troubled youth and they prevented a variety of abhorrence that occurred when young defendants were incarcerated with adult offenders. Defending the juvenile court was instinctive among advocates, social workers, family therapists, clergy, educators, defense attorneys, judges and even many prosecutors. Juvenile justice as currently practiced imposes two significant cost on American youth: The first is the juvenile court itself no longer delivers its promise rehabilitation and minimal stigmatism in exchange for due process; the second is the continuing existence of the juvenile justice system allows courts, corrections, and other youth service ag encies to ignore the inherent youthfulness of many offenders now defined as adults. The growing use of criminal court transfer or waiver has been very damaging to the institutional integrity of the juvenile court. Public safety proponents are unduly focused on increasing the transfer, despite research casting doubt on its effectiveness (Butts, 2000, p. 3). Todays juvenile system is vulnerable to abolition because it attracts intense criticism from the public. Some of this criticism stems from ignorance of juvenile law and its purpose, but not all of it comes from lack of information. Many people simply no longer accept the concept of delinquency, or diminished legal responsibility due to age in other words to them, a juvenile drug dealer is still a drug dealer (Butts, 2000, p. 4). Equating seriousness with the length of confinement conflicts with the traditional concept of juvenile justice, but support for traditional justice is wearing thin. Federal and state law makers have enacte d sweeping changes in the nations juvenile justice systems and the pace of change continued even when juvenile violence began to plummet in the mid-1990s. Nearly all states have passed laws to send far more juveniles to criminal court and some jurisdictions have introduced formal sentencing guidelines that limit the discretion of juvenile court judges. Together, these efforts have begun to unravel the juvenile courts reason for being. No issue in the juvenile justice arena captivates the public or policy makers like criminal court transfers. Many policy makers believe that serious juvenile offenders should be tried in criminal court in order to achieve more certain and more severe punishment. In about half of all transfers, the offenders receive sentences comparable to what they might have received in juvenile court. About one-fifth actually receive more lenient treatment in criminal court. Some may be convicted of lesser offenses or the charges against them be dismissed due to the greater evidentiary scrutiny in criminal court. The bottom line is that criminal court transfer does not ensure incarceration, and it does not always increase sentence lengths even in cases that result in incarceration. Yet, few policies are as popular with the public or with elected officials. During the 1980s and 1990s, lawmakers enacted new transfer laws on an almost annual basis. Moreover, there was an increase in laws that moved entire classes of young offenders into criminal court without the involvement of juvenile court judges. Judicial authority in transfer decisions was diminished while the role of prosecutors and legislatures increased. Non-judicial mechanisms now account for the vast majority of juvenile transfers. Many states enacted policies that made judicial waiver presumptive and it shifted the burden of proof from the prosecution to the defense. Presumptive waiver provisions typically require a defense attorney to show proof that a youth is amenable to juvenile cou rt handling or otherwise the juvenile is transferred to criminal court. Between 1992 and 1997, according to a series of reports prepared for the Office of Juvenile Justice, eleven states passed presumptive waiver provisions. Fourteen states (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Vermont, Virginia, and Wyoming) and the District of Columbia enacted presumptive waiver laws by the end of the 1990s (Butts, 2000, p. 4). Another increasingly popular strategy for moving juveniles into the criminal courts is mandatory waiver. While presumptive waiver allows juveniles to rebut the presumption of nonamenability, mandatory waiver provides no such escape. If a juvenile meets the criteria for mandatory waiver, a juvenile court judge is left with no choice but to transfer jurisdiction. Other mechanisms have contributed even more to the deterioration of the juvenile justice system. One mechanism that has become widespread dur ing the 1980s and 1990 was statutory exclusion, known in some states as automatic transfer. Statutory exclusion laws mandate that some young offenders are transferred automatically to criminal court as soon as they are charged with certain offenses and judicial consent is unnecessary. Direct file, also known as concurrent jurisdiction or prosecutor discretion, is another increasingly prominent form of criminal court transfer. Direct file laws give prosecutors the discretion to prosecute juveniles either in juvenile or adult court. Louisiana gives prosecutors discretion to file criminal charges against any youth age 16 and older charged with a second drug felony, a second aggravated burglary, or virtually any of the Violent Crime Index offenses. The number of juveniles transferred by prosecutors has grown sharply. Florida prosecutors alone send more than 7,000 cases to criminal courts each year (Butts, 2000, p. 5). State sentencing trends indicate that punishment and accountability, in addition to rehabilitation, have become equally important in juvenile justice policy. As a result, many states have created blended sentencing structures for cases involving serious offenders (Siegel Welsh, 2009, p. 517). Blended sentencing policies were devised primarily to provide longer terms of incarceration for juveniles, but they also helped blur the distinction between juvenile justice and adult justice. Increasingly the variety of sentencing options may reduce the resistance of courts to handle very young offenders in the adult system since juveniles may not be subject to draw upon the traditionally resources available in the juvenile justice system without having to sacrifice the lengthy periods of incarceration once available only in the criminal court system (Butts, 2000, p. 5). Sentencing guidelines and mandatory minimum policies for juveniles also began to proliferate during the 1980s and 1990s. As of 1997, 17 states and the District of Columbia had enacted some typ e of mandatory minimum sentencing provisions for at least some juvenile offenders. Some jurisdictions applied sentencing guidelines to juveniles by first requiring that they be tried in criminal court, but others such as Arizona, Utah, and Wyoming enacted formal sentencing guidelines that applied to juvenile delinquency cases handled by juvenile court judges. The use of structured sentencing fundamentally contradicts the basic premise of juvenile justice by making sentence length proportional to the severity of an offense rather than basing court outcomes on the characteristics and life problems of offenders. As the popularity of these policies increases, it becomes very difficult to justify the continuation of a juvenile justice system that fails to provide complete due process protections for the youth it handles. Along with the rights of juveniles at adjudication and disposition, the issue of confidentiality in juvenile proceedings has also received attention in recent years. The debate on confidentiality in the juvenile court deals with two areas: (1) open versus closed hearings, and (2) privacy of juvenile records. Confidentiality has become moot in some respects, as many legislatures have broadened access to juvenile records (Siegel Welsh, 2009, p. 519). As juvenile justice policy became more contentious during the 1980s and 1990s, support for confidentiality protections began to erode. Practical issues such as jurisdiction information sharing and greater media interest in juvenile court proceedings began to win out over confidentiality. Finally, some states have even passed laws enabling juvenile court records to affect criminal court sentences. Enhancing criminal court sentences with juvenile court adjudications abrogates the agreement that allowed the juvenile court to exist in the first place. Adjudication in juvenile court begins to involve potentially serious jeopardy for youth. As of 1997, according to research by Joseph Sanborn, all 50 states an d the District of Columbia had enacted statutes or court rules allowing this practice or they had case law that sanctioned it. An example of this is Illinois and Indiana allow juvenile offense histories to serve as sufficient grounds for increasing sentence length or imposing consecutive sentences. Three states California, Louisiana, and Texas allow juvenile adjudications to serve as the first and second strikes against an adult offender. Thus an offender with two prior juvenile court adjudications could face life in prison for a first appearance in criminal court (Butts, 2000, p. 6). Evaluations of juvenile treatment programs provide scant support for their effectiveness (Whitehead and Lab 1989; Lab and Whitehead 1988). Empirical evaluations question both the efficacy of treatment programs and the scientific underpinnings of those who administer the enterprise. Although the general conclusion that nothing works in juvenile corrections has been persuasively refuted (Melton 1989), it has been strenuously resisted by those who contend that some types of programs may have positive effects on selected clients under certain conditions (Palmer) (Wiesheit Culbertson, 2000, p. 284). PROPOSED CHANGES FOR JUVENILE JUSTICE Advocates of youth may need to reconsider their position on the juvenile court, and instead of concerning themselves only with youth who still happen to be legal juveniles; they may want to shift their focus and work to ensure fair and timely justice for all youth even those processed in the juvenile court system. This could be accomplished from either side of the juvenile-criminal border, by making youth oriented improvements from within the criminal justice system, or by helping juvenile justice professionals to get involved in programs for young adult offenders. It may be even more effective if, however if the border no longer existed. Criminal courts are not as evil and juvenile courts are not as virtuous as some might suggest. The justice system as a whole might benefit if law makers, judges, and practitioners were able to stop fighting over the politically hobbled delinquency jurisdiction of the juvenile court. If delinquency laws were abolished and all offenders young and old were handled in an integrated criminal court system, youth advocates could begin to focus on ensuring the quality of the process used for all youth (Butts, 2000, p. 7). The question then becomes how do we get from here to there, and how can a new justice system that protects public safety and the rights of youth while ensuring that youthful offenders get every chance they deserve to mend their ways and rejoin society if possible? One way to begin this process is to take advantage of the growing diversity in specialized courts. It is assumed by the public at large that there are two types of courts and they are criminal or juvenile, consequently though any effort to increase the symbolic strength of juvenile crime policy necessarily favors making greater use of criminal courts. American courts however are very diverse as it is evidenced by innovative specialized courts such as drug courts, gun courts, and community-based courts which bring new ideas and a wider range of choices to the criminal justice system. Some of these new courts actually resemble the traditional juvenile court in their philosophy of human behavior, their approach to processing cases, and their efforts to monitor offender compliance with court orders by close judicial supervision (Butts, 2000, p. 8). For the past two decades, state and federal officials have been slowly dismantling the juvenile justice system without much thought as to what will replace it. The emergence of innovative specialized courts within the adult system presents an unprecedented opportunity to create a new youth justice system. Ideally, this new system would retain the best features of the juvenile court while gradually incorporating new ideas and procedures by specialized courts now spreading across the country. Eventually, each state could implement a wide assortment of court models and establish individualized intake procedures for routing young offenders to the most appropriate forum. Law makers may be able to think about abolishing the juvenile courts delinquency jurisdiction and improve the coherence of criminal justice policy for all youth, but most importantly, the juvenile court would not be an easy target for politicians who seek symbolic victories over crime (Butts, 2000, p. 8). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION In conclusion, the central issue is not whether young offenders are called delinquents; the real issue is what happens to them when they are arrested and appear in court. Questions that should be asked are: What process is used to determine their culpability? Who chooses the most appropriate response for each case? How quickly does the process occur, and does it ensure the safety of the public while guarding the rights of offenders? Is the process designed to maximize each persons changes of rejoining the law abiding community? The answers to these questions will only be possible when every community has an effective, understandable intake process, a fair and efficient system of fact finding and adjudication, and a diverse menu of services and sanctions that are suitable for a wide range of offenders. Maintaining the juvenile court and its separate delinquency jurisdiction may have once guaranteed this for young people, but the benefits are far less certain today. Because of the rece nt decreases in juvenile violence it should offer the nations policy makers an opportunity to introspectively reflect on how they have changed the juvenile court and what its future should be. It is also a good time to ponder and ask whether a separate system of juvenile justice is fact sustainable, either legally or politically, and if not, what can state and local officials do to design a new system to meet the needs of youth and their communities during the next century (Butts, 2000, p. 8).

The Patriot Act: Trampling on the Bill of Rights Essay -- US Constitut

Several weeks after the horrible terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act was rushed through Congress by Attorney General, John Ashcroft. This particular Act, however, was established with a ruling hand of fear. Life for Americans changed dramatically in those immediate days, weeks, and months after the attack. America had been spoiled with luxury for so long, that the illusion of control had ingrained itself into our very nature as Americans. That act of terror, on September 11, 2001, brought that belief crashing down, almost immediately. Fear and anger were rampant though out America; a dangerous combination when it comes to charging out a Congressional bill. The scariest parts of The USA PATRIOT ACT, in my opinion, are not just the arguably unconstitutional sections proposed in the Act, but the timing and expedition of legislation. To pro pose a bill that remained indifferent in regards to sacrificing civil liberties for the sake of enhanced security. The Bill was voted in with near unanimity, 98-1 in the Senate and 357-66 in the House of Representatives near after. Considering the margins of the votes, it makes one wonder if anyone in Congress even bothered to read the bill. Perhaps a good portion of our legislators were fearful to look unpatriotic, by objecting a radical bill dubbed The USA PATRIOT Act. As an old phrase goes, the nail that stands-out, gets hammered. The congressional legislative process is supposed to be deliberately slow; ensuring that what is proposed is in fact constitutional. One of the more serious issues with the USA PATRIOT Act, is the ambiguity of crucia... ...e of the United States. Congressional acts with the means to side-step The Bill of Rights should be amended to protect any rights in question, no matter the current state of affairs. Arguments such as this paper are a crucial means to formulating a variety of perspective. Regardless of a person’s stance on The USA PATRIOT Act, we must take a look back into our history, and make sure we are honoring those who sacrificed so much more than we, for the civil liberties we have been afforded. Americans cannot allow fear to dictate the policies of our country, and should never allow our Congress or President use a National tragedy to proper un-amended, controversial policies. This is the United States of America, we can do better. "Where the people fear the government you have tyranny. Where the government fears the people you have liberty." (John Basil Barnhill 1914)

Ed Rendell’s Philadelphia

It is very rare for a public official to be regarded as a hero let alone a saint.   With the height of the recession and the scrupulous events that paved its way to politicians fighting over the hunger of power, fame and wealth; Ed Rendell of Philadelphia proved that he is a force to be reckoned with.   Sure, there have been several autobiographies written over the advantage of the famous.But in this case, Buzz Bissinger, showcased not the glitz and the glamour of the politician but rather focusing on the urban world and how their leader, in the name of Mayor Rendell fought to save the sinking social and economic state of his jurisdiction (Bissinger, 1998).Philadelphia, as divided and as financially crippled in the face of the Western geographical affirm, reached a point where their means of living and the rising number of violence is headlined on the national paper.   Urban policies have long been issues in the government, to what extent shall the feds need to lend their hand on a certain area? Pulitzer Prize winner Bissinger researched and found interesting contexts on the trials and tribulations that the city underwent.Far more different than what those that hid in the buildings of the streets of New York or the tanning skins of those sitting pretty and well-financed in the beaches California.   Mayor Rendell was a leader in his own right and a philanthropist by heart.   He quotes David Cohen in the first chapter (Bissinger, 1998), â€Å"[h]ave I done the right thing here?†Ã¢â‚¬â€precisely the question most of those who served before Rendell served his tenure in office.First Term: The Meaningful ReformsMayor Rendell’s first term in office (1992-1996) can be coined in one term: challenge.   Given the fact that he was to inherit an already failed economy, it was quite expected that he would either save the city or worsen the situation.As any other cynical human being would produce, they already anticipated for the latter. Philadelphi a had an annual budget of $200,000 which in the light is expected to help its constituents that equals to 1.6 million. In a place clothed with bankruptcy and corruption, it was a near-death situation. It was like the urban poor society of the West and the chances of rising from the behemoth of doom were 10:90.So Ed Rendell looked for means to endow grant monies, reductions in federal layoffs and all other cost-cutting measures possible for his jurisdiction to survive.He lamented over the loss of jobs and the drastic increase of violence in every major event that transcribed.   He was to seek every help lent by those who are willing to shoulder their burden.   But he also had a humanistic side of him; he despised those who wrote provoking articles about his administration. He knew too well he only wanted what was best for his fellowmen—so he fought for his dignity alongside.The Characters’ AccountsA recovery plan was at hand.   Fifi Mazzcuza, famous for parenting the parentless, emphasized the dreadful reality of the place—drug dealings, theft, and all the other gang-related dilemmas that wrapped the city in its darkest. Linda Morrison for one has seen the painful reality of living in the suburbs—she witnessed in her naked eyes the bloodshed of those who are spiritually lost and in need of guidance. She has been assaulted by those whom she considered countrymen.And lastly, Jim Mangan, a typical Philly who suffered the torture of financial constraint. He wasn’t alone, there were many who had the same story as he does.   Finding a job in his time was like looking for a peck in a pile of sand, whilst the need to survive in the heavy rain that poured while they were painstakingly seeking. It was hard for them. And just when everything seemed to be hopeless, there was a spark of light. And their story continues.ReferenceBissinger, B. (1998). A Prayer for the City. New York, NY: Vintage.  

Free Essays on Joan Of ARC

Joan of Arc At a young age she began to hear â€Å"voices†- those of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. When she was about 16, the voices exhorted her to bear aid to the king to be. Joan won the aid of Robert de Baudricourt, captain of the king forces in Vaucouleurs in obtaining an interview with the dauphin. She made the journey in male attire with six companions. When she met the king to be she conquered his skepticism as to her divine mission. Theologians at Poitiers examined her, and afterward Charles furnished her with troops. Her leadership provided spirit more than military help. In May 1429, she succeeded in raising the siege of Orleans, and in June she took other English posts on to other places and defeated the English at Patay. After a lot of persuasion the dauphin agreed to be crowned at Reims. Joan stood near him at his coronation. In September 1429 Joan unsuccessfully overtook paris. The following spring she went to let Compiegne go, but she was captured by the Burgundians and sold to the English who were eager to destroy her influence by putting her to death. Charles VII made no attempt to secure her freedom. In order to escape responsibility, the English turned her over to the ecclesiastical court at Rouen. She was tried for heresy and witchcraft before Pierre Cauchon. Her most serious crime was the claim of direct inspiration from God. In the eyes of the court this refusal to accept the church hierarchy constituted heresy. Throughout the long trial and imprisonment she fought her enemies. Only at the end of the trial did she repent. She was condemned to life imprisonment. Shortly afterward she took back her apology and was turned over to the secular court as a heretic and was burned at the stake on May 30, 1431 in Rouen. Charles VII made late recognition of her services by a rehabilitation trial in 1456 that annulled the proceedings of the original trial. Joan was beatified in 1909 and canonized i... Free Essays on Joan of Arc Free Essays on Joan of Arc Two Page Monograph about Joan of Arc When Joan of Arc is mentioned as a person, most people think of her accomplishments as a woman. While it’s true that most women at the time of Joan of Arc enjoyed less freedom and important roles then of girls of today, much of her importance was not because of her acting out of her role. Her fame was because of her role at the end of the Hundred Years War and the crowning of Charles VII. Joan grew up in France and grew up through the war. She started hearing voices at the age of 13. She stated that they had only told her to attend church and pray more. After a year or two the started telling her she must help the future king of France be crowned. HE had to be crowned at Reims by tradition, but at the time the English controlled it. If Joan did not purse these voices, the English would crown Henry VI when he was old enough. Joan then left her parents without telling them, and convinced the King of her mission. She was given an army who started the siege of Orleans, the first step to getting to Reims. She conquered, won, and the King was crowned. Shortly after her success started going downhill. She was captured in a town Compiegne when the drawbridge was raised. Her army had closed the gates to hastily, and she was left outside. She was arrested and n tried by the English court. She was found guilty, and was sentenced to burn at the stake. She was not charged with being a warrior or a woman. In fact, it was not uncommon for some women to fight in battles. In the poorer villages women often fought alongside their husbands as a necessity. Often their jobs were pouring hot oil and ashes on the attackers. It was because she had told the courts that she could talk to God, that she was killed. She was found to be heretical which was against the laws to be anything but the Kings religion at that time. Her sentenced was carried out. A peasant girl, her death was not glorified or honored. Due to he... Free Essays on Joan of Arc Joan of Arc At a young age she began to hear â€Å"voices†- those of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. When she was about 16, the voices exhorted her to bear aid to the king to be. Joan won the aid of Robert de Baudricourt, captain of the king forces in Vaucouleurs in obtaining an interview with the dauphin. She made the journey in male attire with six companions. When she met the king to be she conquered his skepticism as to her divine mission. Theologians at Poitiers examined her, and afterward Charles furnished her with troops. Her leadership provided spirit more than military help. In May 1429, she succeeded in raising the siege of Orleans, and in June she took other English posts on to other places and defeated the English at Patay. After a lot of persuasion the dauphin agreed to be crowned at Reims. Joan stood near him at his coronation. In September 1429 Joan unsuccessfully overtook paris. The following spring she went to let Compiegne go, but she was captured by the Burgundians and sold to the English who were eager to destroy her influence by putting her to death. Charles VII made no attempt to secure her freedom. In order to escape responsibility, the English turned her over to the ecclesiastical court at Rouen. She was tried for heresy and witchcraft before Pierre Cauchon. Her most serious crime was the claim of direct inspiration from God. In the eyes of the court this refusal to accept the church hierarchy constituted heresy. Throughout the long trial and imprisonment she fought her enemies. Only at the end of the trial did she repent. She was condemned to life imprisonment. Shortly afterward she took back her apology and was turned over to the secular court as a heretic and was burned at the stake on May 30, 1431 in Rouen. Charles VII made late recognition of her services by a rehabilitation trial in 1456 that annulled the proceedings of the original trial. Joan was beatified in 1909 and canonized i... Free Essays on Joan Of ARC Joan of Arc Patriots, supporters of women’s rights, and even people who study the supernatural, admire Joan of Arc.(1world book) Not only is Joan admired by many, but she made significant contributions to history in three distinct areas: Joan ended the 100-year war between France and England, she showed the world that women could make a difference, and promoted the Catholic religion. First off, in the 15th century France was at a low point in its history, a war that seemed never ending between England, it was called the 100-year war. (2 Book) Joan of Arc, a simple peasant’s daughter, rose up against England, and helped France to overcome England’s claim to France’s throne. She claimed that she could hear voices telling her that she was the savior of France, and it was up to her to take up arms. Totally convinced that these voices were from God she joined the French army disguised as a man. She was sent by god to lead them to victory, she said. Just be sure you are right with God, attack, and victory will be yours. (3book) With this French knights fought behind this crazed woman. After considerable amounts of bloodshed, France reclaimed its title to the throne. Being the first woman ever to fight in the French army Joan of Arc proved that women could make a significant difference. Many may not believe this but Joan was one of the primary figures for women’s rights. Joan was very successful at taking command of an entire army and continuously leading them to victory. At first Joan disguised herself as a man, it was unheard of for a woman to fight in battle let alone be a commander of an army. She was injured during a battle and discovered to be a woman by the doctor examining her To his great surprise he found out his leader wasn’t a man but a courageous woman. From then on, people looked at Joan of Arc differently, but still trusted her with their lives. Finally Joan promoted the Catholic religion, w...

Women and Power essays

Women and Power essays In todays society women do not have a very prominent role as there male counterparts. It seems as if men are looked upon as born leaders who should hold power. They look strong and confident. People feel safe that males will lead them in a strong, protective way. Women are looked at very differently. People see them as weak in heart and afraid of doing things in a forceful manner. This has not been true though if we look back to the eras of Wu Zhao and Empress Irene. What does it mean when some one rules in a successful or effective manner? When a ruler runs his or her empire successfully it means that throughout his or her rein as king or queen everything ran smoothly. This means that no one would try to over throw him or her and that the people were happy. Effective is very different than successful. If a ruler is effective he or she understands what the people want. An effective ruler gives his or her people what they want and understands the needs of his or her people. Women do have a harder time with keeping power. They have to be extreme with their actions and do whatever it takes. We see this in Irenes and Wu Zhaos case. Wu was very extreme and deliberate in her actions. She was ruthless. She made sure that no one would stand in her way when it came down to her power. She would have people killed and tortured just to keep herself where she was. She would have her own family members tortured so that the power would never leave from her. Irene acted a little differently. She was very conniving. Irene was not always on top. She had to work if she wanted to be the leader. She would come up of plans and plots to overthrow and have family members poisoned just to be on top. These women wanted and needed the power and it seems through these readings that they would do anything in their power to keep it. I think the reigns of these two women were different. Wu Zhao ...

Identify the major sources contributing to the changes in patterns of Essay

Identify the major sources contributing to the changes in patterns of paid employment for women in Ireland in the 20th century 1900-2000 - Essay Example Women were not allowed to stand for parliament; only single women could hold property in their name. After marriage women were expected to hand over their property and even their wages to their husbands. Towards the late 19th century, feminist movement gathered pace and the participation of women in this movement increased. Two women, based in Dublin and Belfast led the initial movement in the 1860’s to change the law on women’s property rights. Unfortunately the membership of the Irish feminist movement belonged exclusively to the middle and the upper classes of society. The credit for true feminist movement to attract women from all classes of society goes to James Connolly. He emphasized that women should become involved in the social struggle and this was reflected in the Irish Citizen Army’s insistence on treating women on an equal footing with men (Hartnett). During the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, labor and trade union movements in Ireland were stronghold of male supremacy and women made little progress. The protectionist policies excluded women and the male was supposed to support the family without the need of his wife to engage in paid employment. The women’s suffrage movement encountered opposition from the labor activists who were satisfied with the 1884 Reforms Act which gave all powers to the man to run the family (Richardson, 2004). The suffragists recognized the need that women should also have the right to vote by getting the vote for women on the same terms as men. This suddenly led to the fear that middle and upper class women might get the vote before many working men did. Women were constantly harassed and subject to organized and random acts of violence. The trade union activists resented women workers and were reluctant to offer any practical help. This hostility towards women damaged t he entire working class. The women became a part

To compose a proposal for research paper Assignment - 1

To compose a proposal for research paper - Assignment Example Literature Review: In this research it will entail studying and analyzing previous studies conducted in a similar research topic and evaluation of the theses and hypotheses developed by the authors. Articles, books and other relevant documents to the research problem will be identified, located and analyzed to determine what has already been done thus stimulating new ideas and approaches. Further, literature review will not only provide suggested recommendation but also form a framework for interpreting research findings. I plan to conduct proposal paper with the methodology of action research strategy, which is usually conducted with the aim of solving an immediate problem, in this case, treatment of special needs children. Data will be collected systematically from sources of similar law requirements using the probabilistic method of systematic random sampling. Using this strategy, the information will be selected randomly and ranked in accordance with its applicability in this health law so that an appropriate mechanism to create the law will be developed (World report on disability 21). The selection of relevant information will be crucial in this research thereby researchers will be required to apply judgmental evaluation while observing ethical research procedures. The planned proposed paper’s variables relating to the health law addressing treatment of special needs children will undergo analysis through two procedures; conceptualization and operationalization. This technique ensures that the findings will not only be valid to the entire concept but also reliable. Variables that may affect achievement of sufficient measurement and analysis consist of extraneous variables given they may be easily overlooked by the researcher and cause errors in applicability of the law. This research will statistically minimize their effects by considering every angle while establishing relevant