One Way Analysis of Variance Essay Example for Free

One Way Analysis of Variance EssayOne-way Analysis of Variance(Abbreviated one-way ANOVA) is a technique used to compare means of two or more than samples (using the F distribution). This technique can be used only for numerical data. It consists of a single factor with several levels and multiple observations at each level. With this kind of layout we can calculate the mean of the observations within each level of our factor. The residuals will state about the fluctuation within each level. It can also average the means of each level to obtain a grand mean. And then scent at the deviation of the mean of each level from the grand mean to understand something about the level effects. Finally, can compare the variation within levels to the variation across levels. Hence the name analysis of variance.Used to determine whether there are any significant differences between the means of three or more independent (unrelated) groups. It tests the null hypothesis that samples in two or more groups are drawn from populations with the same mean values. And compares the means between the groups you are enkindle in and determines whether any of those means are significantly different from each another(prenominal).FormulaF= q MSBMSWWhere F = Fishers RatioK = image of ColumnsN = Total Number of itemsMSB= SSBK-1MSW= SSWN-KAttitudes of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th socio-economic class EHS students towards their ready reckoner subjectAttitude Year Average Weighted Mean lay out 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Study regularly 3.44 3.37 3.50 3.56 3.47 9Regularly exercise the skills 3.73 3.88 3.65 3.58 3.71 6.5 Listen attentively during class discussion 3.62 3.71 3.67 3.85 3.71 6.5 Always do the assignment without hesitation 3.63 3.73 3.83 3.75 3.75 5 Always work on projects without hesitation 3.94 4.10 4.12 4.00 4.04 2 Enjoy the hands-on activity 4.13 4.38 4.06 4.25 4.21 1 Search and use other computer reference 3.83 3.83 3.54 3.92 3.78 4 Always take down notes during discussion 3.67 3.67 3.77 4.04 3.79 3 Ask questions whenever the topic is unclear 3.37 3.38 3.54 3.63 3.48 8 Likeability of the subject 2.98 3.62 3.12 3.25 3.24 10 potassium Means 3.63 3.77 3.68 3.79 3.72The table shows the summary of the attitudes of the EHS students towards their computer subject. Having computed the Average Weighted Means, Rank 1 is indicator f, which is I enjoy our hands-on activities with an average mean of 4.21. The ratiocination rank goes to indicator j, which is I like my computer subject, with an average mean of 3.24. This indicates that the EHS students do not like their computer subject. Though the third year likes their computer subject, they are only a fraction of the whole which do not like their computer subject. This further indicates that the students manifest positive attitude towards their computer subject because of the grand weighted mean of 3.72. This signifies that even though they do not like their computer subject, they still manifest positive attitu de for they score the majority of the indicators.ReferenceAnonymous.August 23,2013.One-way analysis of variance. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_analysis_of_variance Anonymous.August 23,2013.One-way ANOVA. https//statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/one-way-anova-statistical-guide.php Anonymous.August 23,2013.One-Way ANOVA. http//www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/ppc/section2/ppc231.htm

A Problem Case with Confidentiality Essay Example for Free

A Problem Case with Confidentiality EssayConfidentiality has always been a pact that is likely to be asked by anyone when disclosing sensitive training to an authority, specialist, or even a friend. More often than not, the party to whom any information is to be disclosed would promise that none of it would ever be relayed to anyone else. Yet, this pledge of confidentiality is not, and cannot be made absolute especially if the client and different parties are in jeopardy and disclosing the grapheme of the client in court is necessary to keep in line the safety of the client or a third party (Herlihy and Corey, 2007). Aside from the court scenario, another case when confidentiality is often disruptioned is when the client needs protection from a third party (Herlihy and Corey, 2007). Therefore, should something revealed by a client to a counselor be a reason of concern for the safety of others, the counselor may breach the confidentiality of the statements of the client. Thi s leads to the common notion of doing what is for the great good. Keeping the confidentiality only satisfy the will of the client, but it may pose greater insecurity to the community.Logically, if anything can pose danger to the client and to anyone else, it can also be a cause of being troublesome. Even if the secret is kept, the client will have no peace of mind. Hence, greater harm can be done if something that has to be disclosed to other authorities will be kept a secret just for the sake of confidentiality. The case of Norma has brought nothing out of the check outs in the code of ethics of the American Counseling Association (ACA). Norma has gone out with Javier for some time and other men, too. get a line moreEssay on Confidentiality and Disclosing ConcernsJavier refused safe evoke. The problem has been that Norma was diagnosed with HIV virus, but she could not determine whether she got it from Javier, because she also engaged in unsafe sex with other men aside from Jav ier. The danger that has been posed here is that Javier may be soiled with HIV but does not know it. Worse, he prefers unsafe sex over safe sex, so if he comes in contact with other women and have sex with them without protection, more lives would be in danger of acquiring the deathlike virus.The dilemma of the counselor is that Norma to reveal her health designate to Javier in fear of being harmed physically, which is very possible based on the character of the man as she has narrated. Hence, it appears that if Normas condition remains a secret to Javier, he may infect other women with the virus in case she had infected him or he had infected her. On the other hand, if Javier finds out Normas condition, she would be he one in danger of physical harm Javier might inflict.Abiding by the ethics, the counselor should explain to Norma that Javier has to know whether he ha HIV or not, because he is a possible transmitter of the disease. She has to understand that revealing her health condition to Javier would help prevent foster infections. As for the possible dangers that Javier might pose on the life of Norma, Section B. 3. b of the ACA code of ethics states provisions of disclosing the case to other professionals, who will be part of the team that would take care of the client (Herlihy and Corey, 2007).The counselor must first secure a copy of the diagnosing that states that Norma has HIV. This is important in order to have authenticated proof about he condition of Norma when counselor asks for assistance from other authorities. Norma will have to be informed about the actions of the counselor and why it has to be done. She should know who else will know about her condition and be exitn assurance of confidentiality. To further influence her, she should be informed about the limitations of confidentiality Naggy, 2005 in Corey, Corey Callanan, 2002).In this case, should she need police protection, only the commanding officer should know about her condition and the officers, who would be tasked to take in her security, may not know about her case. The State of Florida adheres to the America Counseling Association Code of ethics, so all the guidelines stated in the ACA Code of Ethics can be taken into effect. There is, however, another provision from the national Board of Certified Counselors (2005) which states that a client should also be responsible in case when he/she is involved in a life-threatening situation, which, in this case is Normas HIV infection.A counselor is not a theology to dictate what is right and wrong and what is good or bad and who is good or bad. However the code of ethics clearly states the proper action to be done in the case of Norma. Javier may pose danger to her and that is why she would need other help. Norma can even have a better risk of making the most out of her life if she gets out of her box. Revealing Normas condition to Javier can even help Javier change his attitude towards sex. In case he has not been infected, he can change his ways towards a safer way of living.In case he was the source of infection, authorities could further track down the other possible victims of the HIV transmission. Should Javier pose a threat to Norma, authorities would be able to apprehend him and send him to where he cannot infect anyone, in case he is infected. As a citizen of this country, Norma should realize where she went wrong and be able to amend that mistake. In the same way, the counselor should also give greater weight to the benefit of the majority, for her oath is not just to one person but to whole nation and to humanity.Thus, in a broader perspective, disclosing Normas condition to qualified authorities can bring the client to a win-win situation. References Corey, G. , Scheider-Corey, M. Callanan, P. 7th Ed. (2002). Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions. Wadsworth Publishing Co. Inc. Herlihy, Barbara and Gerald Corey. (2005) ACA Ethical Standards Casebook. Alexandria Ame rican Counseling Association. National Board for Certified Counselors.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells The Fuel Of The Future Environmental Sciences Essay

Hydrogen Fuel Cells The Fuel Of The Future Environmental Sciences Essay eer since the fount of the human era, there has been an ever growing necessity for strength. Energy is the nearly basic aspect of human development. From lighting and communication to cooking and conveyancing, alert and easy access to strength makes the modern way of life possible. Currently, planet earth is addicted to inefficient, polluting, and non-renew competent sources of energy such as coal and oil. These energy sources take on for the unequal distribution of the benefits of energy. Some commwholeies may receive the wealth and cheap energy that coal and oil bring, while others receive nonwithstanding polluted streams, loony toons rain, and deadly toxins. Fortunately, there is an answer to this problem henry provoke cubicles. Because enthalpy can cells are an emission-free open fire source, are more efficient than current fogey fuel sources, and work the surmisal to pee a diversified energy economy, more investments need to be made in this budding engineering science.Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and has been present since the beginning of time. The earths own life-giving star, its sun, is composed almost entirely of this element (Bose and Malbrunot 22). As the smallest element in the universe, total heat consists as a diatomic, turgidityeous molecule with a single proton and a single electron. Hydrogen does not exist in its pure miscellany on the planet, but it is present as a compound in molecules like water, glucose, natural heavy weapon, and even oil (Busby). Because it is found in such a variety of sources, enthalpy is the perfect situation source for fuel cells.What exactly are hydrogen fuel cells and why will they be the fuel of the prox? Hydrogen fuel cells are a mechanical device that convert the electrochemical energy found in a fuel source, like hydrogen, into electrical energy, with the only byproducts being heat and w ater (Hoffmann 6). In all fuel cells there are two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, with an electrolyte, a membrane capable of woful ions, in between the two (Sorenson 73). During their operation, hydrogen fuel is injected into the anode side, while oxygen, usually from the air, is pumped to the cathode. The hydrogen molecule disassociates, and the proton passes through the electrolyte to join the oxygen, while the electron from the hydrogen molecule travels in an outside circuit, producing electrical current (Brus and Hotek 22). Because of the fact that fuel cells have no moving parts, they are a good deal more efficient than naturalized internal combustion engines, which makes them a great investment for the future of the planets energy.In addition, there are multiple types of fuel cells, each with their own sets of merits and each able to be used a different way in forthwiths energy economy. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are the most prevalent type of fuel c ell today. They deliver a high power density and a low weight to volume ratio (Sorensen 81). Because of this, and their abnormally low operating temperature of 80 Celsius, PEMFCs are ideal for use in cars, buses, and other small scale portable lotions. Also, the low operating temperature of PEMFCs allow for less wear and tear on the electrolyte, thereby reducing maintenance costs (Hordeski 145). Although PEMFCs have polished performance characteristics in vehicles, they do not produce the amount of power necessary for turgid scale operations, like power plants.Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are the answer to this problem. MCFCs have a higher operating temperature, around 800 Celsius, which allows them to create a much higher amount of energy per unit of fuel. This also makes them difficult to use in portable applications (Kandlikar). In addition, MCFCs screw reach efficiencies of up to lxx percent if cogeneration, the capturing of waste heat, is used. This is much higher t han the twenty five to thirty five percent efficiencies of coal fired power plants (Brus and Hotek). Because of the large amount of energy produced in MCFCs, their excellent efficiency, and their possible cogeneration applications, they are much better suited for stationary applications, such as power plants, than are fossil fuels.Currently, the main reasons that hydrogen fuel cells are not in more widespread use is the lack of production, delivery, and depot infrastructure. Almost all of the energy infrastructure in the coupled States, and indeed the world, is geared toward fossil fuels (Busby). With a forward looking investment, the current fossil fuel infrastructure can easily be converted to hydrogen.The beginning(a) step in creating a reliable hydrogen infrastructure is to invest in renewable hydrogen production methods. Renewable production methods include wind, solar, and hydroelectric. every last(predicate) of these methods produce energy, which leads to the eventual ele ctrolyzing or splitting of water to produce rough(prenominal) hydrogen, which is used in fuel cells, and oxygen, which can be captured as a expedient byproduct (Hydrogen Energy). One of the main reasons experts such as Peter Hoffmann argue for a more widespread use of hydrogen fuel cells is because they have the possibility to become a zero emission fuel source. Hoffmann recognizes that a future hydrogen economy would consist of hydrogen being produced from saucy, primary sources of energy. (8-9). Although the conversion of the brisk fossil fuel based infrastructure would cost billions of dollars, citizens of the United States must evaluate whether the continued damage to the planet is worth the cost of switching to a renewable hydrogen based infrastructure.Before switching to a hydrogen based economy, unitary of the problems that must be solved is hydrogen storage. Hydrogen is an excellent energy storage medium, with energies in the range of 142 MJ kg-1 per unit of mass, but it has a low density (Broom 5). This produces the above menti hotshotd storage problem, because although fossil fuels have a much lower energy content per unit of mass, 47 MJ kg-1, they are a liquid at ambient temperatures, which strains them a much higher density (Farndon). How can the high energy hydrogen be stored in such a way that it gives off the greatest amount of energy per unit of volume, rather than per unit of mass? Multiple options are available, the first of which is storing hydrogen as a wet gas. Compressing hydrogen results in acceptable pressures, which are around 70 MPa per liter (Broom 5). Compressed hydrogen can also be transferred from dispenser to car in much the same way as gasoline. This makes it both easier and less costly to modify the current gasoline based infrastructure to accommodate hydrogen, although more money is needed to begin to facilitate the transition.The second option for hydrogen storage in the future would be as a complex solid metal hydri de. These metal hydrides are transition metals, chiefly lanthanum, which soak up hydrogen like a sponge and then release it when given small amounts of energy (Sorensen). An avail of these hydrides is that they can store hydrogen at densities higher than compressed hydrogen and gasoline, therefore providing more energy per unit of volume, which allows for smaller storage tanks on vehicles and other portable applications (Ogden). This allows for smaller cars, cell phones, and even power plants. Although the technology of complex metal hydrides is only just beginning to become available, it has great potential for a future hydrogen storage source and now only inescapably investments to make it become a reality.The only remaining infrastructure necessity for a future hydrogen based economy is a hydrogen delivery system that effectively moves hydrogen from its production source to its destination quickly and efficiently. Fortunately, because of the recent natural gas boom in the Unite d States, this problem may have solved itself. Natural gas and hydrogen are similar both are a gas at room temperature, both have similar densities, and both can be transported in vehicles and pipelines (Backus 6). Because of their similar properties, it is possible to modify the existing natural gas transportation network to transport hydrogen in sic of natural gas. This would result in the quick and easy movement of hydrogen from its production source to its final destination, whether it be a fuel pump, a power plant, or even a cell phone charger (Potera). However, additional investments are needed to convert the natural gas network to hydrogen.One of the most everyplacelooked advantages of a hydrogen based economy are the diverse uses for fuel cells. Commonly thought that their only applications would be in vehicles, fuel cells can actually be used for both small and large scale power generation as well as in vehicles. The most promising frontier is probably large scale power g eneration. As noted before, fuel cells produce electricity, heat, and water as byproducts (Hoffmann 6). twain forms of energy, the heat and the electricity, can be used to generate power on an industrial scale, making fuel cells far more efficient than fossil fuels (6). Also, hydrogen fuel cells have a possibility fossil fuels never had. They can be used for large scale localized power generation to power homes and neighborhoods. This reduces energy loss that takes place with power plants (153). The size and cogeneration ability of fuel cells makes them a great candidate for the future of the centralized power grid.Another application for fuel cells is in the portable electronics field. Because they produce direct current, fuel cells can be used to power virtually anything that batteries are able to power (Potera). Currently, around companies, like Jadoo Power, are marketing small scale consumer electronics that are fueled solely by hydrogen fuel cells. The fuel cells in these ele ctronics are not only smaller than most batteries, but they also deliver more power for a longer period of time (Hoffmann 154). Because of their size and longevity, the military is beginning to take notice of the potential applications for fuel cells in the armed forces. The military is in need of smaller and lighter power sources for portable devices, and Jadoos technology ideally suits them, says Bob Unger, program manager at Kuchera Defense Systems (qtd. in Potera). Although the prospective applications for portable hydrogen fuel cells are only beginning to emerge, the industry is already in need of investments to kick-start the development of hydrogen fuel consumer electronics.While both the portable and the stationary applications of hydrogen fuel cells are still emerging markets, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is not. Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have been under development since the 1970s, with the main goal of making them cost effective. Currently, approximately 10,000 fuel cel l vehicles are on the road worldwide, with the eventual goal of increasing that number to around 500,000 by 2025 (Peter Hoffmann Responds). Advancements in technologies such as complex metal hydrides have reduced the size, cost, and weight of FCVs. It is estimated that if mass produced, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles would cost between 20,000 and 50,000 dollars, which is comparable with the cost of current vehicles (Ogden). Also, FCVs have driving ranges from 300 to cd miles and refueling generation of five minutes or less, which is also comparable with those of the current gasoline powered cars (Brown). So the question now becomes, why are there not more FCVs on the road right now? The answer to this is the lack of infrastructure, mainly refueling stations. If more investments are made in a hydrogen based economy and its infrastructure, then the possibilities for growth are limitless.Although there are numerous advantages of a hydrogen economy, it is possibly easier to make an bank line a sort outst the continued use of a fossil fuel based energy economy. Fossil fuels are a polluting, mood- hotness plant, and non-renewable source of energy (Dawson and Spannagle 17). During their combustion, fossil fuels release greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide. In addition to being extreme irritants for people with breathing difficulties, these compounds also cause the window glassification of water, often resulting in acid rain, and the death of many organisms that survive in coral reefs (18). The emission of the above compounds also causes a severe depletion in the ozone layer, the high altitude barrier over the earth that protects its inhabitants from the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun (17). Because of the amount of harmful pollutants give outted into the atmosphere by fossil fuels, their use should be discontinued in advance of hydrogen fuel cells.Although the amount of pollutants that fossil fuels emit is astound ing, there are other disadvantages of their use. Climate change, which has only part of the international agenda since the 1970s, has continued to gain importance, especially in the wake of natural disasters like hurricanes Katrina, Isaac, and most recently, Sandy (Dawson and Spannagle 3). These natural disasters have also drawn attention to some of the effects of climate change, like rising sea levels and changing planetary climate patterns. There is significant evidence that supports the conclusion that humans, through the combustion of fossil fuels, are warming the atmosphere of the earth, roughly 1.4 F so far. Although that number may seem insubstantial, over the next 100 years, the earths temperature is expected to rise anywhere from 5 F to 14 F if emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide continue at their current rates (Climate Change Basics). For that reason, investments in renewable resources, such as hydrogen fuel cells, are needed.The final argument against fossil f uels is their non-renewability. Unlike hydrogen, fossil fuels cannot be replenished, and their reserves are currently being depleted. At present, there are an estimated 1.3 billion barrels of oil left in the world. This is expected to last for no more than forty years. (Dawson and Spannagle 7). Fossil fuels are merely a short pretend to the long term energy problem facing the planet. As John and idem Sheffield so eloquently put it, a coherent energy scheme is required, addressing both energy supply and demand, taking account of the whole energy life cycle (1). Fossil fuels are not the solution that the planet needs for its energy crisis.In addition to the numerous disadvantages of fossil fuels, there are many advantages to a completely hydrogen based economy. The first of these is complete energy security and independence. Because hydrogen can be produced from such a wide variety of sources, there is no possibility that one single country, like Saudi-Arabian Arabia, would control a monopoly on its production (Hoffmann 8). Any country where the sun shines, the wind blows, and there is water can produce enough hydrogen to cope with its energy needs. If the United States completely switched to a hydrogen fuel based economy, there would be no need to import oil, coal, or natural gas from other countries (Sheffield and Sheffield 7). However, before that transition can come about, more investments are needed in hydrogen fuel cells.Yet another major advantage of hydrogen fuel cells as a future energy source is the lack of emissions. As mentioned previously, hydrogen fuel cells produce only water as their emissions, which is not a greenhouse gas (Benefits). Because of this, water would have no effect on the climate. This is possibly the greatest advantage of hydrogen fuel cells. A fuel cell running on hydrogen emits little to no pollutants over the course of the chemical process (Benefits). Based on data self-possessed by the United States department of energy, a stationary fuel cell power plant emits less than half an ounce of pollution per 1,000 Kw/h of produced electricity, while fossil fuels create around twenty five pounds of greenhouse gasses and pollutants for the equivalent quantity of produced electricity (Sperling and Cameron 27). Emissions of pollutants from fuel cells are so small that some places in the United States have allowed fuel cells to be exempt from air quality controls (Benefits). Because of their low emissions, hydrogen fuel cells should be used in place of fossil fuels in a future energy economy.The final main advantage of hydrogen fuel cells is their excellent efficiency when compared with fossil fuels. Because fuel cells create energy using an electrochemical process and do not combust fuel, they are essentially have greater efficiencies than combustion engines (Brus and Hotek 23). Fuel cell systems today achieve forty to fifty percent fuel to electricity efficiency using only the electricity produced from the ele ctrochemical reaction as power. If cogeneration is used, a fuel cells efficiency can be dramatically increased to between eighty five and ninety percent. Cogeneration can even help reduce a buildings heating costs in the winter by around thirty percent (Benefits). Even fuel cell vehicles are between two and three times more efficient than regular fossil fuel vehicles (Hoffmann 37). Because of their incredible efficiencies when compared with fossil fuel combustion sources, hydrogen fuel cells deserve the money and subsidies that governments currently give to fossil fuel companies.Although hydrogen fuel cells have large amounts of advantages, there is one main disadvantage cost. The current price for 1kg of hydrogen, the energy equivalent of one gallon of gasoline, is around twelve dollars (Hydrogen Energy). Most citizens of the United States are used to paying three to four dollars for a gallon of gas, which is much less high-ticket(prenominal) than hydrogen. However, the price of g as fails to take into account the environmental damage associated with fossil fuels. If factored into the price, one gallon of gasoline costs between ten and eleven dollars (Hoffmann 64). Although the initial price of hydrogen may seem high when compared with gasoline, when the environmental damage is taken into account, hydrogen is actually less expensive than gasoline.Since hydrogen fuel cells emit no harmful pollutants, have efficiencies greater than current fossil fuel sources, and can create a diversified energy economy, they need more investments. artificial satellite earth is facing an energy crisis. The human race must grow, develop, and move past old and inefficient ways of generating energy and into a future where clean and efficient hydrogen fuel cells generate energy for eons to come. If this transition into a hydrogen economy can be made, then the human race has utilize an energy source that can power the earth for thousands more years. If not, then the human race may face a bleak future without one of the main essentials for human existence energy.

What Is Peer Pressure Health And Social Care Essay

What Is Peer Pressure health And Social Care EssayAnorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder that causes commonwealth to obsess with their cigarett gain. People with anorexia limit the amount of food they eat drastically and can become exceedingly thin. A person with anorexia sees themselves as an obese individual heretofore if they are skinny. Anorexia nervosa is not about the food the person consumes, but it is a way for the individuals to cope with their emotional problems. Although anorexia can occur in both sexes, it is a lot more common in females rather than males. Anorexia usually affects the teenagers and young adults. If this disorder goes untreated it can lead to serious health problems such as osteoporosis, kidney damage, meat problems, and in the end death. Anorexia nervosa has the highest death rate of any affable illness with five to twenty percent of people who develop the disease die from it. The exact causes of anorexia, care all other eating disorders are un known but there are factors that could push it. These factors include having an anxiety disorder as a child, having a negative self-image, having eating disorder as a child, and having certain social ideas about health and beauty. A patient with anorexia attends to maintain a strict oblige over food intake by counting calories exactly. Some may enjoy cooking and serving food but not eating it they may hide the food and claim that they ate it. Anorexia nervosa can be very difficult to cope with, and archean treatment could be effective. The longer this disease goes untreated, the harder it is to eventually overcome.Anorexia NervosaAnorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that causes people lose more lading than is considered healthy for their age and height. Anorexia commonly affects women between the ages of 13 and 20. Anorexia causes serious health conditions such as osteoporosis, kidney damage, heart problems, and eventually death. About 10 through 15 percent of all people with anorexia will eventually die from physical or mental complications. Early detection is the best way to battle anorexia nervosa approximately 60 percent of people with anorexia make a full recovery when detected early (Causes of Anorexia). Anorexia is caused by a fear of gaining lading, obesophobia, where the person has to practice unhealthy nourishmenting habits to maintain this fear. A study found that adolescent girls were more fearful of gaining weight than getting cancer, nuclear war or losing their parents (Self picture show/Media Influences).Although the causes of anorexia nervosa are unknown, there are many factors that can contribute to anorexia nervosa. An important factor that affects anorexia is social jam, whether it is by peers or the media. Most female teenagers will develop anorexia nervosa because of body images portrayed by the media and peer pressure.Peer PressureWhat is Peer Pressure?Peer pressure is influence from a members peer group. Whether it is by a boy friend, peer, coworker, or sibling. When people receive criticism they are at increased risk of a outlet of mental health issues, including poor body image and eating disorders. Troubling behaviors range from a dirty look when taking a second share of food at the dinner table to persistent weight-related bullying by ones peers (Ross, 2012).How does Peer Pressure affect anorexia?Peer pressure can also impact teens into becoming anorexic. Bullying is the most common type of peer pressure. Someone may make remarks about another persons body image or weight and that causes that person to feel dissatisfied with their body. This in turn causes the person to practice unhealthy dieting. This is very common among teens who are constantly being judge found on their looks. In movies, particularly, but also in television shows and the accompanying commercials, womens and girls appearance is frequently commented on 58 percent of female characters in movies had comments make about their looks, as did 28 percent in television shows and 26 percent of the female impersonates in the accompanying commercials ( embody Image Nutrition). Peer pressure has a major impact on how we look at ourselves it can alter our behavior and cause us to practice unhealthy ones.Media PortrayalWhat is Media?The media is an important sen sentencent of our daily lives. Media is all around us it includes Television sets, billboards, magazines, newspapers, and the Internet. Media also includes social networking sites which most teens nowadays are engaged in. About 95 percent of people own a TV set and watch for an average of 3-4 hours per day. By the end of the last century 50 percent of women read a newspaper each day and nearly half of all girls, from the age of 7 read a girls magazine each week (Jade, 2009). Media is also used to purport certain age groups to buy a specific product. In this case media targets teen girls to sell beauty products. During shows that are watched mostly by teen gi rls 56 percent of commercials are about beauty as a product appeal. Also one in three articles in leading teen magazines use up 50 percent of advertisements focus on appearance. It is everywhere we turn and we face it every day of our lives.How does Media affect anorexia nervosa?Everywhere we turn we see models that are extremely underweight. These models are considered the ideal image of beauty. An average US woman is 54 tall weighing about 140 pounds while the average US model is 511 and weigh about 117 pounds (Health Wellness Article, 2000). When teens see these models they desperately want to be like them. According to a study in Pediatrics, about two-thirds of girls in the fifth to 12th grades said that magazine images influence their vision of an ideal body, and about half of the girls said the images made them want to lose weight. Teens become dissatisfied with their bodies this can explain why 80 percent of US women do not like how they look (Ross, 2012).On a study done wi th thirteen course of instruction olds found that 53 percent of American girls are unhappy with their bodies, these increases to 78 percent by the time these girls reach the age of seventeen (Body Image Nutrition). This in turn causes them to become obsess with their weight to match that of the models they see each day. In a survey done by the National Heart, Lung and Blood land found that 40 percent of girls 9 and 10 years old have tried to lose weight. According to statistics from the National Eating Disorders Association, by the time they reach college, 92 percent of young women have tried to control weight through dieting, and 22 percent often or always diet (Health Wellness Article, 2000). Gradually these teens develop a drastic fear of gaining weight.ReferencesA.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. ( 2012, February 13). Retrieved from Pubmed Health http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001401/Health Wellness Article. (2000, July 5). Retrieved from Tree http//www.tree.com/he alth/eating-disorders-anorexia-causes.aspxAnorexia Nervosa Health center. (2011, August 25). Retrieved from WebMD http//www.webmd.com/mental-health/anorexia-nervosa/anorexia-nervosa-topic-overviewBody Image Nutrition. (n.d.). Retrieved 1 20, 2013, from Teen Health and the Media http//depts.washington.edu/thmedia/view.cgi?section=bodyimagepage=fastfactsCauses of Anorexia. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2013, from Eating Disorders mirror mirror http//www.mirror-mirror.org/causes-of-anorexia.htmCemanovic, M. (2006, December 18). The Effects of Media on the Skinny Side of Eating Disorders. Retrieved from Ezine rticles http//ezinearticles.com/?The-Effects-of-Media-on-the-Skinny-Side-of-Eating-Disordersid=390528Gould, B. E., Dyer, R. M. (2011). Pathophysiology for the Health Professions. In B. E. Gould, R. M. Dyer, Pathophysiology for the Health Professions (pp. 420-421). Jeanne Olson.Inge, C. (2010, July 29). Peer Pressure Eating Disorders. Retrieved from Examiner.com http//www.examine r.com/article/peer-pressure-eating-disordersJade, D. (2009). THE MEDIA AND EATING DISORDERS. Retrieved from National Centre for Eating Disorders http//www.eating-disorders.org.uk/media-and-eating-disorders.htmlRoss, C. C. (2012, June 1). World of Psychology. Retrieved from PsychCentral http//psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2012/06/02/why-do-women-hate-their-bodies/Self Image/Media Influences. (n.d.). Retrieved from Just Say YES http//www.justsayyes.org/topics/self-image-media-influences/Staff, M. C. (2012, January 5). Anorexia nervosa. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/anorexia/DS00606

Learning Outcomes Assessment for Student Nurse

Learning Outcomes Assessment for Student NurseLearning Outcome 1 Pre-assessmentThe ultimate goal of the pre-assessment is to warrant that those perseverings identified as suitable for day running(a) process argon properly identified while those considered unsuitable for a selected procedure argon identified be sequences enough in the process to allow for other treatment options ( content Health Services, n.d.a, p. 13). Although ultimately it is a joint decision between the surgeon and anaesthetist who acquit the final determination (National Health Services, n.d.b), the nurse plays a vital role in the process and should be involved in the selection criteria (Royal College of Nursing 2004, p. 1). Pre-assessments of long-sufferings plan for day operation argon usually performed by an outreach nurse from a day surgery centre, by telephone screening, or by questionnaire (National Health Services, n.d.a, p. 9) or via appointments with day surgery staff or in specialized pre-admi ssion clinics (Joanna Briggs set up 2004, p.2).Many institutions are combining pre-assessment interviews with the opportunity to work with the tolerant in a preoperative education position in order to decrease patient of anxiety, assess the needs of the patient and/or family members and to personalise information (Joanna Briggs Institute 2004, p.2). The National Health Services (n.d.a, p. 11) states this is an effective opportunity to also discuss the surgical procedure in greater detail with the patient, note special requirements for admission, surgery and/or fall behind and allow the patient to choose their own date for surgery, finalizing and/or setting the appointment. concord to the Royal College of Nurses (2004, p. 3), nurses performing the pre-assessments must have the option of existence able to contact the anaesthesiologist of surgeon if a problem is identified that could potentially increase the risk during anaesthetic or surgical intervention. This is critical other wise, there is no apparent causality for the assessment if the nurse cannot raise her concerns.The National Health Services (n.d.a, p. 9) day surgery guidelines state pre-assessments performed as soon as accomplishable interest the surgical consultation can allow for treatment of underlying physical issues that might preclude them from the day surgery procedure, such as gamey blood pressure and/or arrange for home care. If this is not possible, the National Health Services (n.d.a., p. 13) recommends that patients should then complete a health-screening questionnaire before leaving the outpatient department.According to the National Health Services (n.d.a., p. 11), incorporating the pre-assessment step in the day surgery process has been shown to reduce surgical cancellations and increase communication across the multidisciplinary team.Based on research, it is important to note that the day surgery pre-assessment is a valuable tool that can help the patient, the perioperative and surgical nursing teams as hale as surgeons and anaesthesiologists. The pre-assessment is a way of initiating a comprehensive set of documentation for the entire team.Learning Outcome 2 Effective communicationAccording to the Joanna Briggs Institute (2004, p. 4), caseload can go steady the staffing mix required. The staffing mix for a day surgery centre, however, can vary from a group of individuals who work together on a regular priming coat such as the case in a specialized clinic setting to a group of individuals who rely on departmental shift staffing for perioperative nurses and surgical residents in a busy teaching hospital. No matter what the group mix is, however, the need for communication is critical to patient care in all settings, especially surgical, where according to Cowen et al. (2005) communication is especially challenging for workers in environments that are high stress and time sensitive. Vazirani et al. (2003, p. 72) states that improving the level of collab oration, not just communication, can farm job satisfaction among medical professionals while increasing the quality of care and patient satisfaction.While traditional communication techniques such as active listening, positive voice tone, and reiteration to confirm understanding are desirable goals, in the surgical setting other barriers often compound communication problems, including status and posture between doctors versus the communication found between doctors and nurses or nurses and nurse practitioners. Vazirani et al. (2003, p. 72) discuss the care nurse practitioners took not to violate the autonomy of residents or interns and did not learn patients on their own or write orders without the consent of a resident or an intern.Essential to a multidisciplinary team is the need for collaboration, where decision-making is a shared slip for doctors and nurses and that open communication between the two professionals exists (Vazirani et al. 2003, p. 73). It is important to not e that research demonstrates physicians view collaboration differently than nurses, such that physicians believe collaboration implies cooperation with follow-through pertaining to following orders rather than sharing in the decision making process (Vazirani et al. 2003, p. 75). Vazirani et al. (2003, p. 76) also cited nurses as not being provided timely or accurate information regarding patient information when physicians autonomously make a change in their normal protocol, stating nurses need the information most as they are the ones at the patients bedside. discourse is a commonly sited problem and is one that, despite all the best suggestions and recommendations, from outlining roles and responsibilities, collaborating as a team or mutual team members each afforded trance professional respect (Vazirani et al. 2003) to developing Integrated Care Pathways (ICPs) as outlined by Fisher and McMillan (2004) is difficult to remedy. Ultimately, human emotions and professional pride cre ate supererogatory friction that discourages open communication for fear of reprisal. Cowen et al. (2005) emphasize the need for an accurate flow of information between various disciplines as the most critical human face in order to assure patient well(p)ty.Learning Outcome 3 Patient selection criteriaPatient selection criteria primarily focus on threesome primary factors surgical, medical and social (National Health Services, n.d.a, p.11 National Health Services, n.d.b.). Surgical criteria assess whether the procedure will leave the patient dependent on others and/or if it has a statistically significant postoperative morbidity level. The National Health Service (n.d.b.) states that the surgical procedure should take less than 1 hour, involve negligible blood loss, be unlikely to produce severe post surgical aggravator or nausea and be unlikely to result in a loss of physical independence.When assessing social appropriateness, according to the association of Anaesthetists o f Great Britain and Ireland (cited by Joanna Briggs Institute 2004, p. 2), the pre-screening interview is an opportunity to assess the patients willingness to have surgery, the deduction of adult care in the home following surgery, telephone access and taking into consideration the patients home situation. For example, are there several(prenominal)(prenominal) young children and toddlers or infants at home requiring constant care is the only adult operational to help the patient an elderly or frail individual, or has the patient stated they feel they are being pressured into having the surgery. These are all reasons that should be presented to the surgeon, anaesthesiologist and the rest of the multidisciplinary team as reasons the patient should be precluded from day surgery. Additionally, patients with a social history of significant levels of alcohol consumption and/or who smoke are indications of potential preclusion or the need for additional counselling front to surgery (Nat ional Health Service n.d.b.). The Royal of College of Nurses (2004) also states that the patient must have the availability of an escort home following surgery and that the travel time home must be within one and a half hours and if small children are present in the home that a caregiver is available specifically to tend to the children.Medically, it is important to assess cardiac fitness, assurance of height/weight appropriateness and if they are physiologically under 70 years of age1. Exclusions are usually automatic if there is uncontrolled hypertension, recent history of cardiac failure, pregnancy, angina, asthma, diabetes or epilepsy. Additional issues that require notification of the appropriate medical personnel allow in introductory difficulties with anaesthesia or current medications that would either preclude day surgery or require either a modification and/or fly-by-night cessation of the pharmaceutical agent, particularly warfarin.The American Society of Anaesthesiolo gists (ASA) (cited by The Royal College of Nursing 2004) uses three classifications to assess physical statusClass 1 patient is mentally and physically fit and the surgical procedure is localized without systemic disruption, for example, removal of a uterine fibroid in an otherwise healthy female or the repair of an inguinal hernia in a healthy individual.Class 2 patient suffers from mild to obtain systemic pathology that is either caused by the pathology to be treated by the day surgery or by other pathology, for example anaemia or mild diabetes or slightly limiting complete heart disease.Class 3 patient suffers from a severe mental or physical disorder from whatever cause, such as angina pectoris, moderate to severe levels of pulmonary insufficiency, vascular complications from severe diabetes or significantly limiting heart disease.Criteria used for patient evaluation and assurance of fitness for day surgery as outlined above are focused primarily on the suitability for general anaesthesia without complication. It is essential however, to couple both the individual patient status as provided by the pre-assessment with the type of surgical intervention proposed. The medical professional cannot use the same set of pre-assessment criteria for all patients for all procedures they must only be a guide. For example, physiological trauma, anaesthetic requirements and post-operative pain are different for those having arthroscopy as opposed to a laparoscopic cholecystectomy or partial thyroidectomy. All three are considered day surgical procedures by the Royal College of Nurses (2004, p. 2).Patient selection criteria are important for nurses to understand from many aspects. The nurse has to understand the physicians reason for suggesting day surgery for their patient, she needs to understand the surgeons belief in appropriateness and she has to understand the potential risks that are often overlooked by physicians and surgeons that now become her responsibility to ascertain. Although it is often a delicate position for the nurse to be in, it is essential that she bring to the surgeon or anaesthesiologists watchfulness any patient not appropriate for day surgery. This is an issue of legal liability for all professions on the multidisciplinary team and for the clinic or hospital as well as one of ethical concerns for the patients overall care and wellbeing.Learning Outcome 4 Pain forethoughtAccording to Lipp and Yap (2005, p. 64) prior to 2003, the responsibility for post-surgical pain was the sole responsibility of the anaesthesiologist and no routine or regular pain assessments were conducted. In 2003, pain management assessments and the nursing role in pain management in the day surgery setting became the standard. The Royal College of Anaesthetists (as cited by Lipp Yap 2005, p. 64) tell us that following a day surgical procedure, less than five percent of all patients should experience severe pain while up to 85 percent will have mi ld or no pain following surgery. Beauregard et al. (1998, p. 309) believes that it is not unusual for pain to persist during the entire week following surgery, but that the best predictor of significant post-surgical pain following hospital discharge was inadequate pain control during the first few hours of following surgery. Research has acknowledged that the longer an individual is experiencing pain that is not attended to or interrupted in some way, the more sensitive to painful stimuli the patient becomes (Mukherji Rudra 2006, p. 355). Ultimately, the goal of effective post-surgical pain management is to be safe and effective, produce minimal side effects such as nausea.It was stated that the criteria for patient selection should be individualized based on patient status and type of surgery. Similarly, Mukherji and Rudra (2006, p. 355) state that patients should be identified as potentially at risk based on age, physical status, presence of pre-existing pain, site and intent o f surgery. Additionally, researchers believe that the amount of postoperative pain a patient experiences is also a factor of the surgeon and surgical techniques used ( Mukherji Rudra 2006, p. 356 Chung et al. cited by Beauregard et al. 1998, p. 305). Mukherji and Rudra (2006, p. 355) discuss several pain assessment tools the visual analogue scale (VAS) where pain is rated along a continuum from no pain at all to the worst pain imaginable and the Ouchers scale for children. Many patients themselves downplay post-surgical pain for reasons ranging from believing that pain is part of the natural recovery process and what they are experiencing is normal (Beauregard et al. 1998, p. 209).Post-operative pain management can take different forms, including pre-emptive analgesia and prophylactic analgesia (Mukherji Rudra 2006, p. 356). There are also pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic pain management interventions. Pharmacological interventions can be opioid or non-opioids. Opioids are cen trally acting and systemic in nature whereas non-opioids are also centrally acting but have a peripheral mode of action, and intromit codeine, metamizol, paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDS) (Mukherji Rudra 2006, p. 356).Another problem cited by the Joanna Briggs Institute (2004) is that of inadequate pain management techniques and/or follow-through by the patient place additional burdens on family caretakers and the community at large. For example, Girgis and Sanders (2004, p. 66) tell us that parents generally underestimate and under treat pain this can be extrapolated to caregivers in the adult community as well. Home caregivers failing to recognize and/or intervene in pain management is often problematic and it is the responsibility of the nurse to assure that proper discharge information is adequately communicated to the patient and/or caregiver/escort, including proper pain management techniques and interventions. To assure there is no confusion, these sh ould be clearly documented and reviewed with the patient and caregiver verbally.ReferencesBeauregard, L., Pomp, A. Choiniere, M., 1998. Severity and impact of pain after day surgery. Canadian daybook of Anesthesia, 45 (4), pp. 304-311.Fisher, A. McMillan, R., 2004. Integrated care pathways for day surgery patients. British Association of daylight Surgery Online. Available from http//www.bads.co.uk/pdf%20files/IntegratedCarePathways.pdf cited March 17, 2007.Girgis, M. Sanders, D. 2004. Are we giving our children the right dose? The Journal of One-Day Surgery, 14 (3), pp. 65-68.Joanna Briggs Institute, 2004. Management of the day surgery patient Online. Joanna Briggs Institute Best Practices. Available from http//www.adsna.info/attachments/BPISSup.2004.pdf cited March 17, 2007.Lipp, A. Yap, H, 2005. Is our pain relief protocol effective? The Journal of One-Day Surgery, 15 (3), pp. 64-66.Mukherji, S. Rudra, A., 2006. Postoperative pain relief for ambulatory surgery. Indian Journ al of Anaesthesia, 50 (5), pp. 355-362.National Health Services, n.d.a. Day surgery pre-assessment A brief guide Online. Available from www.wise.nhs.uk/surgery/NationalGoodPractice/downloads/14/14d4.doc cited March 17, 2007.National Health Services, n.d.b. Day surgery A good practice guide Online. Available from http//www.wise.nhs.uk/sites/crosscutting/access/Access%20Document%20Library/1/Day%20Surgery/Day%20Surgery%20Guide.pdf cited March 17, 2007Royal College of Nursing, 2004. Day surgery information Selection criteria and suitable procedures Online. Available from http//rcn.org.uk/publications/pdf/daysurgery_selection.pdf cited March 17, 2007.Society of full of life Care Medicine, 2005. Tools for effective communication Online. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Available from http//www.sccm.org/SCCM/Publications/Critical+Communications/Archive/February+2005/communicationsfeb05.htm cited March 17, 2007.Vazirani, S., Hays, R. D., Shapiro, M. F. Cowan, M., 2005. Effect of a multi disciplinary intervention on communication and collaboration among physicians and nurses. American Journal of Critical Care, 14 (1), pp. 71 77.1Footnotes1 According to the National Health Service (n.d.b), the phrase refers to a patient who is independent, active and compos mentis.

Medicinal Herbs and Pharmaceutical Drugs :: Health, Medication

A herb-drug interaction is defined as any pharmacological modification caused by a herbal substance(s) to another exogenous-chemical (e.g. a prescription medication) in the diagnostic, therapeutic or other action of a drug in or on the body (Brazier and Levine, 2003). This relates to drug-drug interactions, herb-herb interaction or drug-food interaction. A herb can potentially mimic, magnify or reduce the effects of co-administered drugs and the consequences of these interactions can be beneficial, undesirable or harmful effects (Fugh and Ernst, 2001). It should be pointed out that both the putative active ingredient(s) and other constituents present in that herbal mixture suck the potential to interact with various classes of drugs (Miller, 1998). Many medicinal herbs and pharmaceutical drugs are therapeutically active at one dose and toxic at another. fundamental interaction between herbs and drugs may increase or decrease the pharmacological or toxicological effects of either component. Synergistic and therapeutic effects may mystify the dosing of long-term medication. e.g. herbs traditionally used to decrease glucose concentrations in diabetes could therapeutically precipitate hypoglycemia if taken in combination with conventional drugs (Fugh, 2000). Plausible cases of herb-drug interactions include eject when warfarin is combined with ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), garlic (Allium sativum), danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) and decreased bioavailability of digoxin, theophylline, and cyclosporine when they are combined with St. Johns wort (Hypericum perforatum) etc.,(Shu-feng et al., 2007). Healthcare practitioners should caution patients against mixing herbs and pharmaceutical drugs (Fugh, 2000). cardiovascular diseases particularly myocardial toxicity is one of the leading causes of mortality. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are many, like hypertension, atherosclerosis, drugs like doxorubicin & catecholamines like i soproterenol, isoprenaline etc (Gupta et al., 2004). Doxorubicin/Adriamycin (Dox) is a powerful, well established and super efficacious drug in the fight against many kinds of cancers like solid tumors, leukemias, soft tissue sarcoma, breast cancer, small cell carcinoma of the lung and esophageal carcinomas. But its clinical usefulness is still restricted due to its specific toxicities to cardiac tissues (Zhon et al., 2001). Congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and electrocardiographic changes were demonstrated after cumulative Dox administration (Lenaz and Page, 1976). The possible mechanisms proposed for myocardial toxic effects of Dox include free radical induced myocardial injury, lipid peroxidation (Myers et al.

We Still Need Affirmative Action Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Top

We Still Need Affirmative Action You are a New York City political hack driver, a very dangerous profession in our society. A young African American male hails you late at night. You observe the males clothing and decide that this may be trouble. Despite your obligation to plunk down him up, you drive on. Was your decision to racially discriminate a significant one? Dinesh D Souza, a former editor of The university newspaper, does non seem to think so. In his young visit to the campus and in a debate over affirmative action, DSouza asserted that racism, although it may sleek over exist, is no longer holding back the African American community and is not a justification for affirmative action. As DSouza writes in his book, The End of Racism, Racism undoubtedly exists, but it no longer has the power to bar blacks or any other grouping achieving their economic, political, and social aspirations. It cannot be denied that African Americans suffer the slights in terms of taxi driver s who pass them by, pedestrians who treat them as a security risk, banks that are reluctant to invest in black neighborhoods, and other forms of continued discrimination. Mr. DSouza, although he may not realize it, has pinpointed the importance that race still plays in our society. Race matters. It matters to the taxicab driver who sees a young black male as a mugger to the cop who assumes that a black male in a nice car is the likely perpetrator of a crime to the shopkeeper who follows the minority around the store. These are not minor inconveniences. These are barriers to opportunity. Mr. DSouza argues that the taxicab driver who drives away is playing the odds in his favor. Why? Because the taxicab driver has incomplete information. The cabbie i... ...ight choose not to question a number of things. DSouza does not realize the fundamental truth of his own conclusions that his life experiences were essential to his perspective. We, the students of univeristy, are here to learn. Th e pedagogical framework that is the college learning environment is principally built on the intellectual and social interactions of the student body. We learn from each other. We learn when what we believe based on our experience conflicts with the perspective of another. We learn when those who have been treated otherwise question our assumptions. In this learning, in the classroom and outside, race matters. Experience is fundamentally altered by race. In an academic community that looks to learn, diversity of race is essential. Dinesh DSouza is persecute race still matters. There is still justification for affirmative action.